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Sidney Tarrow

Sidney G. Tarrow is a professor of political science and sociology, known for his research in the areas of comparative politics, social movements, political parties, collective action and political sociology.


Biography

B.A. Syracuse University, 1960, American Studies; M.A. Columbia University, 1961, Public Law and Government; Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley, 1965, Political Science.

He is currently Maxwell Upson Professor of Government and Sociology at Cornell University.


Ideas

Tarrow’s first area of interest was the study of communism in the 1960s. In the 1970s he moved to the study of comparative local politics and in the 1980s to the study of social movements and protest cycles (or ‘cycles of contention’). A specialist in European politics and society, Sidney Tarrow has written widely on Italian and French politics, centre-periphery relations, new social movements, and contentious politics. Tarrow is a leading expert on new social movements and, more broadly, the phenomena of contentious behaviour.

His 1998 book Power in Movement analyses the cultural, organizational and personal sources of social movements’ power, emphasizing the rise and fall of social movements as part of political struggle and as the outcome of changes in political opportunity structures. His list of five political opportunity structures includes: increasing access, shifting alignments, divided elites, influential allies and repression and facilitation. Tarrow writes that unlike political or economic social institutions, social movements have an elusive power, but one that is no less real. Tarrow puts forward a theory of collective action to explain the cyclical history of social movements (visible in the form of the protest cycles), and offers an interpretation of the power of movement that emphasizes its effects on personal lives, policy reforms and political culture. In that book he also lists four prerequisites of sustainable social movements: 1) political opportunities, 2) diffuse social networks, 3) familiar forms of collective action (aka Tilly’s repertoires of contention), and 4) cultural frames that can resonate throughout a population.

In 2001, Tarrow, with Doug McAdam and Charles Tilly, published Dynamics of Contention (Cambridge 2001), in which the authors broadened the social movement framework to cover a broader spectrum of forms of contention. This was followed by Tarrow’s New Transnational Activism (Cambridge 2005), in which he applied the framework to the new transnational cycle of contention, and by a textbook with Tilly called Contentious Politics (Paradigm, 2006). He is currently working on international human rights.


Publications

Selected Publications:

  • Peasant Communism in Southern Italy, New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press, 1967; (revised and translated as Partito comunista e contadini nel Mezzogiorno, Turin: Giulio Einaudi, ed., 1972).
  • Between Center and Periphery: Grassroots Politicians in Italy and France, Yale University Press, 1977; (translated as Tra centro e periferia, Il Mulino, 1979).
  • Democracy and Disorder, Oxford University Press, 1989 (revised and translated as Democrazia e disordine, Laterza, 1990).
  • Power in Movement: Collective Action, Social Movements and Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1994. (Spanish trans.: El Poder en Movimiento, Alianza, 1998; revised as Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics, Cambridge University Press, 1998).
  • (with Bert Klandermans and Hanspeter Kriesi, eds.) From Structure to Action: Comparing Social Movement Research Across Cultures, International Social Movement Research I, (JAI Press, 1988).
  • (with David S. Meyer) The Social Movement Society: Contentious Politics for a New Century. Rowman & Littlefield, 1998.
  • (with Doug Imig) Contentious Europeans: Protest and Politics in a Europeanizing Polity. Rowman and Littlefield, 2001.
  • (with Doug McAdam and Charles Tilly) Dynamics of Contention. Cambridge University Press, 2001.
  • (with Ron Aminzade, et al.) Silence and Voice in the Study of Contentious Politics. Cambridge U. Press, 2001.


External links

  • Homepage at Cornell, includes a CV
  • “Contention and Institutions in International Politics” (2001)
  • “The Dualities of Transnational Contention” (2005)
  • “Rooted Cosmopolitans,” (2005)
  • “Identity Work” from Tilly and Tarrow, Contentious Politics (2006)
  • Beyond Globalization:Why Creating Transnational Social Movements is so Hard and When is it Most Likely to Happen

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X/Open XA

In computing, the XA standard is a specification by The Open Group for distributed transaction processing (DTP). It describes the interface between the global transaction manager and the local resource manager.

The XA Specification describes what a resource manager must do to support transactional access. Resource managers that follow this specification are said to be XA compliant.


See also

  • Resource Recovery Services
  • two-phase commit
  • Distributed Relational Database Architecture (DRDA)


External links

  • Distributed TP: The XA Specification
  • X/Open distributed transaction processing model
  • XA Transaction for MySQL

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Numerical data

Numerical data (or quantitative data) is data measured or identified on a numerical scale. Numerical data can be analysed using statistical methods, and results can be displayed using tables, charts, histograms and graphs. For example, a researcher will ask a questions to a participant that include words how often, how many or percentage. The answers from the questions will be numerical. 

  An example of quantitative data would be:

There are 643 mice on the kitchen floor.

After the data is collected the researcher will make an analysis of the quantitative data and produce statistics.

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Vechur cow

The Vechur cow is a rare breed of Bos indicus cattle named after the village of Vechur in Kottayam district, Kerala, India. With an average length of 124 cm and height of 87 cm it is the smallest cattle breed in the world and is valued for the large amount of milk it produces relative to the amount of food it requires.

A controversy arose when environmentalists opposed an attempt by a Scottish company to patent the cow’s genetic code.


Sources

  • grain.org

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Warded lock

A warded lock (also called a ward lock) is a type of lock that uses a set of obstructions, or wards, to prevent the lock from opening unless the correct key is inserted. The correct key has notches or slots corresponding to the obstructions in the lock, allowing it to rotate freely inside the lock. Warded locks are commonly used in inexpensive padlocks, cabinet locks, and other low-security applications, since they are among the most easily circumvented by lock picking. A well-designed skeleton key can successfully open a wide variety of warded locks.


History

The warded lock is one of the most ancient lock designs still in modern use. It is thought to have been developed in ancient Rome.


Design

In the most basic warded lock, a set of obstructions, often consisting of concentric plates protruding outwards, blocks the rotation of a key not designed for that lock. Warded locks may have one simple ward, or many intricate wards with bends and complex protrusions; the principle remains the same. Unless the notches or slots in the key correspond to the wards in the lock, the key will strike an obstruction and will not turn.

A cylindrical post is typically located in the center of the lock. Its purpose is to provide a point of leverage for rotating the key, and to help correctly align the key with the wards. The key has a corresponding hole which fits over the post.

When the correct key is inserted, it will clear the wards and rotate about the center post. The key may then strike a lever, activating a latch or sliding bolt, or it may itself push against the latch or bolt. In a double action lever lock, the key may additionally push against a spring-loaded lever which holds the sliding bolt in place.


External Links

  • The Decorative Lock - Warded Locks

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Shiplake Lock

Shiplake Lock is a lock and weir situated on the River Thames in the village of Shiplake in the county of Oxfordshire, England. It is owned and managed by the Environment Agency. It is just above the point where the River Loddon joins the Thames.


Reach above the lock

The river skirts Shiplake on the Oxfordshire bank and eventually passes into Sonning. On the way are four islands Phillimore Island, The Lynch, Hallmead Ait and Buck Ait. The Thames Path stays on the Oxfordshire bank to Sonning, where it crosses the bridge to the other side below Sonning Lock.


See also

  • Locks on the River Thames

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Deadbolt

A deadbolt is a special kind of locking mechanism, providing more security than an ordinary key-operated lock because the weight of the locking bar is usually sufficient to increase break-in time to 10 or 15 minutes.

Unlike most spring-bolt locks, in which the bolt is held in place only by the pressure of a spring and can easily be retracted, a deadbolt lock cannot be opened except by rotating the lock cylinder.

A variant of the standard deadbolt is the vertical deadbolt, which generally rests on top of a door. Vertical deadbolts resist jimmying (in which an intruder inserts a pry bar between the door and the frame and tries to pry the bolt out of the jamb).


Common Types

  • Single Cylinder
  • Double Cylinder
  • Single Cylinder with removable thumbturn


Security Features

Many designs are available from manufacturers. Various manufacturers have patented designs offering unique solutions to prevent the locks from being defeated by picking, lock bumping prying, and other forceful attacks.


See also

  • Door security
  • Lock bumping


External links

  • Locking up tight with a deadbolt

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Shabo language

Shabo (also called Mikeyir) is an endangered language spoken by about 600 hunter-gatherers in southwestern Ethiopia, in the westernmost part of the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region. They live in three places in the Keficho Shekicho Zone: Anderaccha, Gecch’a, and Kaabo. Many of its speakers are shifting to other neighboring languages, in particular Majangir and Shakicho (Mocha); its vocabulary is heavily influenced by loanwords from both these languages, particularly Majangir, as well as Amharic. Its classification is uncertain; it may be Nilo-Saharan (Anbessa & Unseth 1989, Fleming 1991), or may be a language isolate (Ehret 1995). It was first reported to be a separate language by Lionel Bender in 1977, using a wordlist gathered by the missionary Harvey Hoekstra. It is currently (as of 2004) being studied by Daniel Aberra of Addis Ababa University.


Classification

Once the many loanwords from its immediate neighbors, Majangir and Shakicho, are removed, the wordlists collected show a significant number of Koman words side by side with a larger number of words with no obvious external relationships. The tentative grammar so far collected offers few obviously convincing external similarities. On this basis, Fleming (1991) has classified Shabo as Nilo-Saharan and, within Nilo-Saharan, as nearest to Koman, while Ehret (1995) has argued that neither Nilo-Saharan nor Afro-Asiatic present any convincing similarities, seeing the Koman words as early loans and saying that “once the evidence of these influences is identified and separated out, there is little else to suggest that Shabo might belong to the Nilo-Saharan family.” He thus regards it as an African isolate. Anbessa & Unseth consider it Nilo-Saharan, but present little by way of argument for their position, and no detail on its position within the family.


Sounds

The consonants are:

Bilabial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosives
Implosives
Ejectives
Fricatives
Approximants
Nasals
Trills

Consonants in parenthesis are not entirely phonemic, according to Teferra (1995):

  • and are in free variation
  • and , and sometimes also , are in free variation, as in Majang; Teferra speculatively links this to the traditional practice of removing the lower incisors of men.
  • and occasionally alternate.

Consonant length is found in several words, such as walla “goat”, kutti “knee”; however, it is often unstable.

Teferra tentatively postulates 9 vowels: , possibly with further distinctions based on advanced tongue root. Five of these - - have long counterparts. Occasionally final vowels are deleted, shortening medial vowels: eg deego or deg “crocodile”.

The syllable structure is (C)V(C); all consonants except and can occur syllable-finally.

The language is tonal, but its tonology is unclear. Two minimal pairs are cited by Teferra 1995, including há “kill” versus hà “meat”.


Grammar


Syntax

Basic word order is subject-object-verb; there are postpositions rather than prepositions.


Pronouns

English Ehret Tefera & Unseth Hoekstra
I tiŋ (m.), ”taŋa (f.) tiŋ tiŋ(ka)
you (sg.) kuku (m.), kungu (f.) kuku ŋaŋ(ka)
he yi (m.) ŋa ŋa(ufə)
we yiŋ (m.), ann (f.) yiŋ yiiŋa
you (pl.) sitalak (m.), siyakk (f.), suba (both) ʃu(bək)
they kuka

The pronouns “I” and “he” have been compared to Surmic languages; however, there are also resemblances in the pronouns with the Omotic Gunza language (Bender 1983.) The gender distinctions made are unusual for Africa.


Verbs

Negation is by adding the particle be after the verb or noun negated: gumu be “(it is) not (a) stick”, ʔam be-gea “he will not come” (”come not-?”). Negative forms in b are widespread in Nilo-Saharan and Afro-Asiatic languages.

There appears to be a causative suffix -ka: mawo hoop, “water boiled” > upa mawo hoop-ka “(a) man boiled water”.

A particle git (infinitive? subjunctive?) marks the verb in constructions with “want”: moopa git inɗeet (”sit git want”) “I want to sit”.

Much of the verbal morphology is uncertain; there appears to be a 3rd person singular future suffix -g- (eg inɗage t’a-g “he will eat”) and a 2nd person plural suffix -ɗe (eg subuk maakɛle kak t’a-ɗe “You (pl.) ate corn”, “you-pl. corn past? eat-2nd-pl.”)

Ehret (1995) mentions the following tense-aspect suffixes:

  • -gg imperfect
  • -e perfect
  • -kkus present perfect
  • no affix: imperative


Nouns

The plural system is unclear. Three plural forms given by one person were:

  • “house” ɗoku > “houses” ɗokuk
  • “dog” kaal/kaan > “dogs” kaalu/kaanu
  • “leg” bicca > “legs” biccaka

However, another speaker did not form separate plurals at all, or added them by uniformly adding the word yɛɛro afterwards.

There is a suffix -k which seems to sometimes mark the direct object, eg upa kaan-ik ye “a man saw a dog” (”man dog saw”). A similar suffix is found in many Eastern Sudanic languages.

Case markings mentioned by Ehret (1995) include:

  • -ti ablative
  • -uk, -ik instrumental
  • -ke, -e genitive
  • -kak, -gak accusative


Postpositions

Shabo uses postpositions after nouns, eg: upa mana pond ɗɛpik moi “a man sat on a rock” (lit. “man rock on ? sat”).


Numbers

The number system, as given by Tefera and Unseth, is as follows:

  1. iŋki
  2. bap
  3. jiita
  4. aŋan
  5. tuul
  6. tulu(ŋ/m)
  7. tulikakiŋki (possibly error for 6?)
  8. tunajiita
  9. tulaaŋan
  10. bapif (bap if = “two hands”)
  11. mabafifiŋki

and 20 is iŋk upa kor (”one person complete”).


Sample sentences

mawo hoop: water boiled

upa mawo hoop-ka: A man boiled water (lit. “man water boiled-caus.”)

gumu be: it is not a stick (lit. “stick not”.)

ma gumu: it is a stick (lit. “stick ?”)

dɛrbakan kaal nu ɗe-be: Derbakan does not have a dog (lit. “Derbakan dog poss.? ?-not”)

dɛrbakan kaal nu yaaŋk: Derbakan has a dog (lit. “Derbakan dog poss.? positive?”)

ʔam be-gea: he will not come (lit. “come not-?”)

inɗigi am-k: he will come (lit. “? come ?”)

tin-ta be-ge: he will not eat (lit. “? eat not ?”)

inɗage t’a-g: he will eat (lit. “? eat ?”)

paar bap: two snakes (lit. “snake two”)

upa kaan-ik ye: a man saw a dog (lit. “man dog-obj. saw”)

kaan upa-k ye: a dog saw a man (lit. “dog man-obj. saw”)

koto upa dɛpik ye: a woman saw a man (lit. “woman man tense? saw”)

gom c’uwa t’a: fire burned wood (lit. “fire wood ate”)

cu ɗɛpik ibalabiyan-an ɗe (word divisions uncertain): you (pl.) came (lit. “you(pl.) ? ? come-2pl.”)

subuk maakɛle kak t’a-ɗe: you (pl.) ate corn (lit. “you(pl.) corn aux? eat-2pl.”)

wo ka git inɗeet: I want to drink (lit. “drink ? infin.? want”)

moopa git inɗeet: I want to sit (lit. “sit ? infin.? want”)

abiyaŋge: they came

upa kakaak jaal kaki ye ʔam: I saw the man who came yesterday (lit. “man came yesterday ? saw ?”)

upa mana pond ɗɛpik moi: a man sat on a rock (lit. “man rock on aux.? sat”)


References

  • Peter Unseth. 1984. Shabo (Mekeyir). A first discussion of classification and vocabulary. [Unpublished manuscript]
  • Tefera Anbessa and Peter Unseth. 1989. “Toward the classification of Shabo (Mikeyir).” In M. Lionel Bender (ed.), Topics in Nilo-Saharan linguistics, 405-18. Nilo-Saharan, 3. Hamburg: Helmut Buske. ISBN 3-87118-927-8 (NISA 3). (This was the primary source for this article.)
  • Tefera Anbessa. 1991. “A Sketch of Shabo Grammar”. in: M. Lionel Bender (ed.), 1991, Proceedings of the Fourth Nilo Saharan Conference Bayreuth, Aug. 30.
  • Fleming, Harold C. 1991. “Shabo: presentation of data and preliminary classification”, in: M. Lionel Bender (ed.), 1991, Proceedings of the Fourth Nilo Saharan Conference Bayreuth, Aug. 30.
  • Teferra Anbessa 1991. “A sketch of Shabo grammar”, in: M. Lionel Bender (ed.), 1991, Proceedings of the Fourth Nilo Saharan Conference Bayreuth, Aug. 30.
  • Teferra Anbessa. 1995. “Brief phonology of Shabo (Mekeyir)”. Robert Nicolaï et Franz Rottland, eds., Fifth Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium. Nice, 24-29 août 1992. Proceedings, pp.169-193. Köln, Köppe Verlag. Sep. 2, 1989 (Nilo-Saharan 7), Hamburg: Helmut Buske. pp. 29-38. (Used in this article.)
  • Christopher Ehret. 1995. “Do Krongo and Shabo belong in Nilo-Saharan?”. Robert Nicolaï et Franz Rottland, eds., Fifth Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium. Nice, 24-29 août 1992. Proceedings, pp.169-193. Köln, Köppe Verlag. Sep. 2, 1989 (Nilo-Saharan 7), Hamburg: Helmut Buske. pp. 389-402. ISBN 3-927620-72-6.


External links

  • Red Book of Endangered Languages
  • Ethnologue report

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Two phase locking

In Databases and Transaction processing, Two phase locking, (2PL) is a concurrency control locking protocol, mechanism, that guarantees Serializability. It is also the name of a class (set) of transaction schedules. Using locks that block processes, 2PL is subject to deadlocks that result from the mutual blocking of two transactions or more.


Two phase locking

According to the Two phase locking protocol, locks are handled by a transaction in two distinct, consecutive phases during the transaction’s execution:

Phase 1: Locks are acquired and no locks are released.

Phase 2: Locks are released and no locks are acquired.

The serializability property is guaranteed for a schedule with transactions that obey the protocol. The 2PL schedule class is defined as the class of all the schedules comprising transactions with data access orders that could be generated by the 2PL protocol.


Strict two phase locking

The Strict two phase locking (S2PL) class of schedules is the intersection of the 2PL class with the class of schedules possessing the Strictness property.

To comply with the S2PL protocol a transaction needs to comply with 2PL, and release its write (exclusive) locks only after it has ended, i.e., being either committed or aborted.

S2PL is a special case of 2PL, i.e., the S2PL class is a proper subclass of 2PL.


Strong strict two phase locking

To comply with the Strong strict two phase locking (SS2PL) protocol a transaction needs to comply with 2PL, and release both its write (exclusive) and read (shared) locks only after it has ended, i.e., being either committed or aborted.
A transaction obeying SS2PL can be viewed as having Phase 1 that lasts its entire execution duration, and no Phase 2 (or degenerate Phase 2). Thus, only one phase is actually left, and “two-phase” in the name seems to be still utilized due to the historical development of the concept from 2PL. The SS2PL property of a schedule is also called Rigorousness, and an SS2PL schedule is also called a Rigorous schedule.

SS2PL is a special case of S2PL, i.e., the SS2PL class of schedules is a proper subclass of S2PL (every SS2PL schedule is also an S2PL schedule, but S2PL schedules exist that are not SS2PL).

SS2PL is the concurrency control protocol of choice for most database systems since it provides besides serializability also Strictness, which is instrumental for efficient database recovery, and also Commitment ordering (CO) for participating in environments where a CO based Global serializability solution is employed.


See also

  • Serializability
  • Lock (computer science)

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Gawan block

Ganwan block one of the twelve administrative blocks of Giridih district of Jharkhand state, India, has a population (2001 census) of 88,594.Three major bridges were constructed recently which provide communication with nearby Satgawan block of Koderma district.It has very good scenic beauty.Rajesh Kumar Pathak is the current Block Development Officer.

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Canal pound

A canal pound is the stretch of level water impounded between two canal locks. Canal pounds can vary in length from the non-existent, where two or more immediately adjacent locks form a lock staircase, to many miles.


History

Pounds came into being with the development of Pound locks to replace the earlier flash locks. A key feature of pound locks was that the intervening level between locks remained largely constant, as opposed to the varible levels created by the opening of flash locks.


Types of pound

Pounds can be described in various ways according to their situation;


Summit pound

A summit pound is formed at a summit on the canal, and where all the defining locks descend from the pound. Summit pounds are particularly important in canal design, as every boat entering or leaving the pound causes a loss of water. Summit pounds therefore need an independent form of water supply, which may take the form of weirs on adjacent rivers, reservoirs or pumping stations. Common practice during canal design was to make summit pounds as large as practically possible, in order that losing a lockful of water would not lower the water level too significantly. The Rochdale Canal is a good example of a canal with a relatively short summit pound, which requires restrictions on lock workings at certain times.


Sump pound

The inverse of a summit pound is a sump pound. In contrast to a summit pound, a sump pound is a point where every boat entering or leaving the pound causes an addition of water.


Lock pound

A pound which lies between two locks which lie only a short distance apart. Water levels in the pound are liable to fluctuate as the locks are used.


Side pound

A particular type of extremely short lock pound, which is extended sideways to make up for the short distance between locks so as to avoid excessive level fluctuations. Side pounds should not be confused with side ponds (without the u).

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Communications protection

In telecommunication, communications protection is the application of communications security (COMSEC) measures to telecommunications systems in order to: (a) deny unauthorized persons access to sensitive unclassified information of value, (b) prevent disruption of telecommunications services, or (c) ensure the authenticity of information handled by telecommunications systems.

Source: from Federal Standard 1037C

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Power door locks

Power door locks (aka electric door locks or central locking) allow the driver or front passenger to simultaneously lock or unlock all the doors of an automobile or truck, by pressing a button or flipping a switch.

Power door locks were introduced on the luxury Scripps-Booth in 1914, but were not common on luxury cars until Packard reintroduced them in 1956. Nearly every car model today offers this feature as at least optional equipment.

Early systems locked and unlocked only the car doors. Many cars today also feature systems which can unlock such things as the luggage compartment or fuel filler cap door.

It is also common on modern cars for the locks to activate automatically when the car is put into gear or reaches a certain speed. Automatic unlocking when the car is parked is usually also featured on such systems.


Remote and handsfree

Today, many cars with power door locks also have a remote keyless system, which allows a person to press a button on a remote control (or, on some Ford cars and trucks, enter a combination on an external keypad) to unlock the car without using a key. This system confirms successful (un-)locking through either a light or a horn signal, and usually offers an option to switch easily between these two variants. Both provide almost the same functionality, though light signals are more discreet while horn signals might create a nuisance in residential neighborhoods and other busy parking areas (e.g. short-term parking lots).

Other cars have a proximity system that is triggered if a keylike transducer (Advanced Key or handsfree) is within a certain distance of the car.

Finally, some other includes garage door opener, integrated.


See also

  • Automobile ancillary power
  • Child safety lock
  • Power seat
  • Power windows
  • Remote keyless system

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Dynamic Monte Carlo method

In chemistry, dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) is a method for modeling the dynamic behaviors of molecules by comparing the rates of individual steps with random numbers. Unlike the Metropolis Monte Carlo method, which has been employed to study systems at equilibrium, the DMC method is used to investigate non-equilibrium systems such as a reaction, diffusion, and so-forth. This method is mainly applied to analyze adsorbates’ behavior on surfaces. The DMC method is very similar to the kinetic Monte Carlo method.

There are several well-known methods for performing DMC simulations, including the First Reaction Method (FRM) and Random Selection Method (RSM). Although the FRM and RSM give the same results from a given model, the computer resources are different depending on the applied system.

In the FRM, the reaction whose time is minimum on the event list is advanced. In the event list, the tentative times for all possible reactions are stored. After the selection of one event, the system time is advanced to the reaction time, and the event list is recalculated. This method is efficient in computation time because the reaction always occurs in one event. On the other hand, it consumes a lot of computer memory because of the event list. Therefore, it is difficult to apply to large-scale systems.

The RSM decides whether the reaction of the selected molecule proceeds or not by comparing the transition probability with a random number. In this method, the reaction does not necessarily proceed in one event, so it needs significantly more computation time than FRM. However, this method saves computer memory because it does not use an event list. Large-scale systems are able to be calculated by this method.

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Why Write a Novel?

Why write a novel? is a non-fiction book by Jack Woodford that describes reasons for writing a novel and various techniques used by authors to accomplish their ends. Published in hardcover in 1943 by Murray & Gee, Publishers. The original hardcover is 326 pages. Mr. Gee originally visited Woodford in Hollywood and hired him to write a book on any subject he desired. Woodford dictated the entire book to his studio secretary. When delivered to Gee, the publisher obtained recommendation quotes for the cover from such distinguished authors as Upton Sinclair, Frank Scully, and Rupert Hughes.

This book was later published by Jack Woodford himself through Woodford Press under the title How to Write and Sell a Novel.


Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • Types of Novels
  • Genius and Worse
  • Why Write a Novel?
  • Just for the Hell of It
  • Technique and Other Toys
  • The Fashion Novel
  • How to Begin
  • Best Smellers
  • Seeing is Believing
  • Fly Specks
  • Perfectionism
  • To Market
  • Vanity, Vanity, All is Vanity
  • Skin and Bones Prose
  • Theme Song
  • The Geography of Parnassus
  • So You Think You’re Tough!
  • Origin of the Novel
  • Miscarriages and Still Births
  • So Long, Chums

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Locks-and-keys

Locks-and-keys is a solution to dangling pointers in computer programming languages.

The locks-and-keys approach represents pointers as ordered pairs (key, address) where the key is an integer value. Heap-dynamic variables are represented as the storage for the variable plus a cell for an integer. When a variable is allocated, a lock value is created and placed both into the variable’s cell and into the variable’s ordered pair. Every access to the pointer compares these two values, and access is allowed only if the values match.

When a variable is deallocated, the key of its ordered pair is modified to hold a value different from the variable’s cell. From then on, any attempt to dereference the pointer can be flagged as an error. Since copying a pointer also copies its cell value, changing the key of the ordered pair safely disables all copies of the pointer.


See also

  • Tombstone (programming)

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Ecology block

An ecology block is a large concrete block with a groove in the bottom face and a tongue on the top face to eliminate slippage when they are stacked. There is also a steel loop on the top face to facilitate lifting. The blocks are stacked in an offset manner to create a wall for retaining earth by means of their great mass.

They are called ecology blocks because a wall built with them can be readily dismantled and the blocks reused, whereas, a solid concrete wall is destroyed when it is dismantled.

Ecology blocks are often made from concrete remaining in a truck after an ordered pour is complete, concrete that would otherwise go to waste. Since overage is normally a part of all single truck orders, sale of ecology block can represent a significant revenue stream for concrete producers.

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Faraday Transactions

Faraday Transactions was a scientific journal originally published by the Faraday Society in 1905. That society merged with other Societies in 1980 to form the Royal Society of Chemistry. From 1972, when merger negotiations commenced, it was published by the Royal Society of Chemistry as the Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions I (abbreviated J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans.1) and Faraday Transactions II (abbreviated J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans.2). Faraday I covered Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases and Faraday II covered Molecular and Chemical Physics. In 1990 these two journals merged to become the Journal of the Chemical Society,
Faraday Transactions (abbreviated J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans.). This journal ceased publication at the end of 1996 and was replaced by Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (PCCP).