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Interchangeability (computer science)

In computer science, interchangeability is an ability that an object can be replaced by another object without affecting code using the object. That chance usually requires two objects share an interface that is either same strictly or compatible in particular case. See encapsulation article for detail.

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Warded lock

A warded lock (also called a ward lock) is a type of lock that uses a set of obstructions, or wards, to prevent the lock from opening unless the correct key is inserted. The correct key has notches or slots corresponding to the obstructions in the lock, allowing it to rotate freely inside the lock. Warded locks are commonly used in inexpensive padlocks, cabinet locks, and other low-security applications, since they are among the most easily circumvented by lock picking. A well-designed skeleton key can successfully open a wide variety of warded locks.


History

The warded lock is one of the most ancient lock designs still in modern use. It is thought to have been developed in ancient Rome.


Design

In the most basic warded lock, a set of obstructions, often consisting of concentric plates protruding outwards, blocks the rotation of a key not designed for that lock. Warded locks may have one simple ward, or many intricate wards with bends and complex protrusions; the principle remains the same. Unless the notches or slots in the key correspond to the wards in the lock, the key will strike an obstruction and will not turn.

A cylindrical post is typically located in the center of the lock. Its purpose is to provide a point of leverage for rotating the key, and to help correctly align the key with the wards. The key has a corresponding hole which fits over the post.

When the correct key is inserted, it will clear the wards and rotate about the center post. The key may then strike a lever, activating a latch or sliding bolt, or it may itself push against the latch or bolt. In a double action lever lock, the key may additionally push against a spring-loaded lever which holds the sliding bolt in place.


External Links

  • The Decorative Lock - Warded Locks

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Fluency

Fluency is the property of a person or of a system that delivers information quickly and with expertise. Fluency indicates a very good information processing speed, i.e. very low average time between successively generated messages.


Speech and Language Pathology

Fluency is a speech and language pathology term that means the smoothness or flow with which sounds, syllables, words and phrases are joined together when speaking. . Fluency disorders is used as a collective term for cluttering and stuttering. Both disorders have breaks in the fluidity of speech, and both have the fluency breakdown of repetition of parts of speech.
Fluency disorders are most often complex in nature and they tend to occur more often in boys than in girls.


Language fluency

Language fluency is proficiency in a language, most typically foreign language or another learned language. In this sense, “fluency” actually encompasses a number of related but separable skills:

  • Reading: the ability to easily read and understand texts written in the language;
  • Writing: the ability to formulate written texts in the language;
  • Comprehension: the ability to follow and understand speech in the language;
  • Speaking: the ability to speak in the language and be understood by its speakers.

To some extent, these skills can be separately acquired. Generally, the later in life a learner approaches the study of a foreign language, the harder it is to acquire auditory comprehension and fluent speaking skills. Reading and writing a foreign language are skills that can be acquired more easily after the primary language acquisition period of youth is over, however.


Reading fluency

Reading fluency is often confused with fluency with a language (see above). Reading fluency is the ability to read text accurately and quickly. Fluency bridges word decoding and comprehension. Comprehension is understanding what has been read. Fluency is a set of skills that allows readers to rapidly decode text while maintaining high comprehension (National Reading Panel, 2001).

A first benchmark for fluency is being able to “sight read” some words. The idea is that children will recognize at sight the most common words in the written form of their native language and that instant reading of these words will allow them to read and understand text more quickly.

As children learn to read, the speed at which they read becomes an important measure.

(National Reading Panel, Teaching Children to Read: An Evidence-Based Assessment of the Scientific Research Literature on Reading and Its Implications for Reading Instruction–Reports of the Subgroups. A complete copy of the NRP report can be read, downloaded, or ordered at no cost from the NRP website at
www.nationalreadingpanel.org.)


See also

  • Linguistics
  • Precision teaching
  • Speech disfluencies
  • Speech and language pathology


References

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Why Write a Novel?

Why write a novel? is a non-fiction book by Jack Woodford that describes reasons for writing a novel and various techniques used by authors to accomplish their ends. Published in hardcover in 1943 by Murray & Gee, Publishers. The original hardcover is 326 pages. Mr. Gee originally visited Woodford in Hollywood and hired him to write a book on any subject he desired. Woodford dictated the entire book to his studio secretary. When delivered to Gee, the publisher obtained recommendation quotes for the cover from such distinguished authors as Upton Sinclair, Frank Scully, and Rupert Hughes.

This book was later published by Jack Woodford himself through Woodford Press under the title How to Write and Sell a Novel.


Table of Contents

  • Introduction
  • Types of Novels
  • Genius and Worse
  • Why Write a Novel?
  • Just for the Hell of It
  • Technique and Other Toys
  • The Fashion Novel
  • How to Begin
  • Best Smellers
  • Seeing is Believing
  • Fly Specks
  • Perfectionism
  • To Market
  • Vanity, Vanity, All is Vanity
  • Skin and Bones Prose
  • Theme Song
  • The Geography of Parnassus
  • So You Think You’re Tough!
  • Origin of the Novel
  • Miscarriages and Still Births
  • So Long, Chums

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Social position

Social position is the position of an individual in a given society and culture. A given position (for example, the occupation of priest) may belong to many individuals. Social position influences social status. One can have several social positions, but only one social status.

Social positions an individual may hold fall into the categories of occupation (medical doctor, academic lecturer), profession (member of associations and organisations), family (parent, sibling, etc.), hobby (member of various clubs and organisations), among others. An individual is likely to create a personal hierarchy of such positions, where one will be a central position while the rest are perhiperal positions.

Social positions are visible if they require an individual to wear a uniform or some other kind of identifying mark. Often individual clothes or other attributes will advertise what social position one has at the moment. Non-visible social positions are called hidden. A position that is deemed the most important to given individual is called central, others are peripheral. If a sequence of positions is required to obtain a given position, it can be defined as a career, and change of position in this context is a promotion or demotion. Some social positions may make it easier for a given person to obtain others; in other cases, some positions may be restricted based to individuals meeting specific criteria.

Social position together with social role determines individual’s place in the social environment and social organisation. A group of social positions will create a social class and a social circle.

A social conflict caused by interference between social positions is called a position conflict.

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M712 Copperhead

The M712 “Copperhead” is a 155 mm cannon-launched, fin-stabilized, terminally laser guided, explosive projectile intended to engage hard point targets such as tanks, SP howitzers or other high-value targets. It may be fired from the following US Army field artillery weapons: M114A2 towed howitzers, and both the short-barrel (M109A1 and M109A1B) and long-barrel (M109A2, M109A3, M109A3B, M109A4, M109A5 and M109A6) M109 howitzer series SP howitzers and the M198 towed howitzer. The projectile has a minimum range of 3km and a maximum range of 16km. It is no longer in production.

In order for Copperhead to function, the target must be illuminated with a laser. Once the laser signal is detected, the on-board guidance system will operate the steering vanes to maneuver the projectile onto the target. The Copperhead targeting logic is designed to (1) ensure that the optical system will always be able to detect the target, and (2) that once the target has been detected there will be sufficient time and velocity to maneuver to hit the target. Copperhead must be below any cloud cover at critical parts of the trajectory, and there must be sufficient visibility to ensure that when the target is acquired the projectile will have sufficient time to maneuver.


Modes of operation

Copperhead has two modes of operation: Ballistic mode and glide mode. Ballistic mode is used where the cloud ceiling is high and visibility is good. When the projectile is 3000 meters from the target, the guidance vanes extend, the target is acquired, and then the on-board guidance system adjusts the guidance vanes to maneuver onto the target.

Glide mode is used when the cloud ceiling and/or the visibility is too low to permit the use of the ballistic mode. A glide mode trajectory consists of two phases: a ballistic phase and a glide phase. At a predetermined point along the trajectory, the guidance vanes extend and there is a transition from ballistic phase to glide phase. Glide phase targeting logic is designed to ensure the largest possible angle of fall permitted by the cloud cover and the visibility. The target is acquired when the projectile is close enough to detect the laser illumination or when the projectile emerges from the cloud cover, which ever event occurs later in the trajectory. When a trajectory solution has been obtained, time-to-target and terminal velocity are checked to ensure that there will be enough time to maneuver and that the projectile is aerodynamically stable - that it will not stall while maneuvering.


Combat history

Copperhead was used in Desert Storm.M712 Copperhead - Global Security


References


See also

  • XM982 Excalibur
  • XM1156 Precision Guidance Kit
  • Krasnopol

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Codd’s 12 rules

Codd’s 12 rules are a set of 12 rules proposed by Edgar F. Codd, a pioneer of the relational model for databases, designed to define what is required from a database management system in order for it to be considered relational, i.e., an RDBMS. Codd, Edgar Frank: “Is Your DBMS Really Relational?”, ComputerWorld, 14. October 1985 Codd, Edgar Frank: “Does Your DBMS Run By the Rules?”, ComputerWorld, 21. October 1985

Codd produced these rules as part of a personal campaign to prevent his vision of the relational database being diluted, as database vendors scrambled in the early 1980s to repackage existing products with a relational veneer. Rule 12 was particularly designed to counter such a positioning. In fact, the rules are so strict that all popular so-called “relational” DBMSs fail on many of the criteria.


The rules

Rule 000: The system must qualify as relational, as a database, and as a management system.

For a system to qualify as a relational database management system (RDBMS), that system must use its relational facilities (exclusively) to manage the database.

Rule 1: The information rule:

All information in the database is to be represented in one and only one way, namely by values in column positions within rows of tables.

Rule 2 : The guaranteed access rule:

All data must be accessible with no ambiguity. This rule is essentially a restatement of the fundamental requirement for primary keys. It says that every individual scalar value in the database must be logically addressable by specifying the name of the containing table, the name of the containing column and the primary key value of the containing row.

Rule 3: Systematic treatment of null values:

The DBMS must allow each field to remain null (or empty). Specifically, it must support a representation of “missing information and inapplicable information” that is systematic, distinct from all regular values (for example, “distinct from zero or any other number,” in the case of numeric values), and independent of data type. It is also implied that such representations must be manipulated by the DBMS in a systematic way.

Rule 4: Active online catalog based on the relational model:

The system must support an online, inline, relational catalog that is accessible to authorized users by means of their regular query language. That is, users must be able to access the database’s structure (catalog) using the same query language that they use to access the database’s data.

Rule 5: The comprehensive data sublanguage rule:

The system must support at least one relational language that

(a) Has a linear syntax
(b) Can be used both interactively and within application programs,
(c) Supports data definition operations (including view definitions), data manipulation operations (update as well as retrieval), security and integrity constraints, and transaction management operations (begin, commit, and rollback).

Rule 6: The view updating rule:

All views that are theoretically updatable must be updatable by the system.

Rule 7: High-level insert, update, and delete:

The system must support set-at-a-time insert, update, and delete operators. This means that data can be retrieved from a relational database in sets constructed of data from multiple rows and/or multiple tables. This rule states that insert, update, and delete operations should be supported for any retrievable set rather than just for a single row in a single table.

Rule 8: Physical data independence:

Changes to the physical level (how the data is stored, whether in arrays or linked lists etc.) must not require a change to an application based on the structure.

Rule 9: Logical data independence:

Changes to the logical level (tables, columns, rows, and so on) must not require a change to an application based on the structure. Logical data independence is more difficult to achieve than physical data independence.

Rule 10: Integrity independence:

Integrity constraints must be specified separately from application programs and stored in the catalog. It must be possible to change such constraints as and when appropriate without unnecessarily affecting existing applications.

Rule 11: Distribution independence:

The distribution of portions of the database to various locations should be invisible to users of the database. Existing applications should continue to operate successfully :

(a) when a distributed version of the DBMS is first introduced; and
(b) when existing distributed data are redistributed around the system.

Rule 12: The nonsubversion rule:

If the system provides a low-level (record-at-a-time) interface, then that interface cannot be used to subvert the system, for example, bypassing a relational security or integrity constraint.


References


See also

  • IBM System i

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John Rankin Lock

The John Rankin Lock (formerly named Lock D) is part of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway. It is located in Itawamba County, Mississippi, approximately north of Fulton. It is named for John E. Rankin, Mississippi’s First District Representative in the United States House of Representatives.

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Meibomian gland

The meibomian glands (or tarsal glands) are a special kind of sebaceous glands at the rim of the eyelids, responsible for the supply of sebum, an oily substance that prevents evaporation of the eye’s tear film, prevents tear spillage onto the cheek, and makes the closed lids airtight. There are approximately 50 glands on the upper eyelids and 25 glands on the lower eyelids.
The glands are named after Heinrich Meibom (1638-1700), a German physician.


Proteins

In humans, more than 90 different proteins have been identified in meibomian gland secretions.Tsai PS, Evans JE, Green KM, Sullivan RM, Schaumberg DA, Richards SM, Dana MR, Sullivan DA. “Proteomic analysis of human meibomian gland secretions.” Br J Ophthalmol. 2006 Mar;90(3):372-7. PMID 16488965.


Dysfunction

Dysfunctional meibomian glands often cause dry eyes, one of the more common eye conditions. They may also cause blepharitis, as the dry eyeball rubs off small pieces of skin from the eyelid, which can get infected. Inflammation of the meibomian glands (also known as meibomitis, meibomian gland dysfunction, or posterior blepharitis [1]) causes the glands to be obstructed by thick secretions, the resulting swelling is termed a chalazion. Besides leading to dry eyes, the obstructions can be degraded by bacterial lipases, resulting in the formation of free fatty acids, which irritate the eyes and sometimes cause punctate keratitis.


References


External links

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Anisotropic liquid

An anisotropic liquid is one which has the fluidity of a normal liquid, but, unlike water or chloroform, which contain no structural ordering of the molecules, they have an average structural order relative to each other along their molecular axis. Liquid crystals are examples of anisotropic liquids.

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Okovita

Aquavit or okovita (from Latin aqua vitae meaning “water of life”, polish “okowita”, ukrainian “okovyta”) was:

  • an old name for vodka
  • a strong alcoholic drink, usually around 70-80% alcohol, of very low quality. It was usually unclear, as it was distilled with alcohol content and cheap price in mind, with little regard to taste.

It is likely that the name “vodka” (from “voda” (woda) = “water”) stems from the difference between high-quality clear (and thus water-like in appearance) products and the lower-class stronger okovita. Also, the former was preferred by upper classes of the society, while peasants wanted strong intoxication for the lowest price possible.

When better distillation techniques became widespread, the cost difference between poor-quality okovita and clear drinks became smaller, and thus both the drink and the term have fallen out of use.


See also

Akvavit, a Scandinavian mild caraway-flavoured drink.

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Lemartes

In the fictional Warhammer 40,000 universe, Chaplain Lemartes is a particularly strong-willed figure and the High Chaplain within the Blood Angels Chapter of Space Marines.

Lemartes leads those members of the Blood Angels who have given in to the Black Rage. Although it is the responsibility of all Blood Angels chaplains to watch over those who give into the Black Rage, Lemartes himself leads these brothers into battle. While Lemartes is afflicted by the rage, he is able to have some control over his fury through his supreme strength of will. Lemartes’ control over the rage is different from that of Lord Mephiston in that the while Mephiston has conquered the rage, Lemartes uses it.

Lemartes’ authority within the Blood Angels is matched only by that of the Chapter Master, Commander Dante; such is his respect amongst his brothers that he is able, with just a word, to restrain the blood frenzied nature of those under the influence of the Black Rage. In combat, he wears a skull-shaped “death mask”.


References

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Conservative two-phase locking

In computer science, conservative two-phase locking (C2PL) is a locking method used in DBMS and relational databases.

Conservative 2PL prevents deadlocks.

The difference between 2PL and C2PL is that C2PL’s transactions obtain all the locks they need before the transactions begin. This is to ensure that a transaction that already holds some locks will not block waiting for other locks.

In heavy lock contention, C2PL reduces the time locks are held on average, relative to 2PL and Strict 2PL, because transactions that hold locks are never blocked.

In light lock contention, C2PL holds more locks than is necessary, because it is hard to tell what locks will be needed in the future, thus leads to higher overhead.

Also, a transaction will not even obtain any locks if it cannot obtain all the locks it needs in its initial request. Furthermore, each transaction needs to declare its read and write set (data items to be read/written during transaction), which is not always possible. Because of these limitations, C2PL is not used very frequently.

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Linear medium

A linear medium is any medium which is intended to be written to or accessed in a linear fashion, literally meaning in a line.

This means that the information is written to or read from the medium in a given order, so for example a book containing a novel is intended to be read from front to back, beginning to end, and is therefore a linear medium. It may be written in the same way, but would not necessarily need to be, to be considered a linear medium.
A book containing an encyclopedia however is a non-linear medium, as it is not necessary for the articles to be accessed (or written) in any particular order.

Examples in technology are a pre-recorded videocassette which is usually accessed one item after another, compared with a pre-recorded DVD which can be accessed in any order.


Types of linear medium

  • Scroll
  • Magnetic tape data storage
  • Paper tape
  • Photographic film


See also

  • Serial access
  • Sequential access
  • Random access

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Future World

Future World may refer to:

  • A song by Helloween, see Future World (song)
  • A part of the Epcot Theme park
  • Futureworld was a 1976 sequel to the 1973 science fiction film Westworld.
  • A single album and song from the J-Pop band Every Little Thing: see Future World (Every Little Thing single)
  • A song by heavy metal band Pretty Maids
  • A album entitled Future World by progressive metal band Artension.

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Ena Swansea

Ena Swansea (born September 27,1966, North Carolina, US) is an artist based in New York.

Swansea attended the University of South Florida, Tampa.

Widow of film critic Joel Siegel; one son, Dylan Thomas Jefferson Swansea Siegel.

She has exhibited pieces internationally in many shows including “Greater New York” at P.S. 1, “Central Station” at La Maison Rouge in Paris, and the forthcoming “The Triumph of Painting” at the Saatchi Gallery in Chelsea as well as in “Story-Tellers” at Kunsthalle Hamburg. Swansea in represented by André Schlechtriem in New York and Locks Gallery in Philadelphia.


External links

  • Ena Swanse at André Schlechtriem
  • Ena Swansea at Locks Gallery
  • Ena Swansea – Saatchi Gallery

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Solenoid bolt

A solenoid bolt is a type of electronic-mechanical locking mechanism. This type of lock is characterized by the use of a solenoid to throw the bolt. Sophisticated solenoid bolt locks may use microprocessors to perform voltage regulation, reduce power consumption, and/or provide access control. Depending on the strength of the solenoid, some models can provide a holding force on the order of 1000 kg. A solenoid bolt can be designed either to fail open (the lock opens on power loss) or to fail closed (the device is locked upon power loss); cf fail safe. Some models may be suitable for high-security sites.

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Undisputed Champion

In professional boxing, the term Undisputed Champion commonly refers to a boxer that currently holds the three major world titles (WBC) World Boxing Council world championship, (IBF) International Boxing Federation world championship, (WBA) World Boxing Association world championsip in his weight class. Many fighters today seek not to simply become a champion, but to become the “Undisputed Champion”, as that is the pinnacle of success within the sport.


History of the term

The term “Undisputed Champion” came into vogue in boxing circles in the 1970s, when the then two major sanctioning organizations (the WBA and WBC) frequently found themselves recognizing different champions in a weight class. When a boxer captured both titles, he was then said to be “undisputed”.

The term became widely used during the 1980s as a number of boxers in various divisions held “undisputed” titles, either briefly or for long periods. With the 1983 debut of the International Boxing Federation and its rapid rise to equal recognition with that of the WBA and WBC, it became more difficult for an undisputed champion to emerge.


WBA terms

The WBA refers to a champion who holds the WBA title and one other title as the unified champion. A WBA champion who holds two other titles is an undisputed champion. A champion who holds the WBA title and three other major titles is recognized as a super champion.


In popular culture

This evolution of the term from boxing, has further spread the use into popular culture and the vernacular language to describe when some thing is the best of the best.


See also

  • List of current world boxing champions
  • List of undisputed boxing champions
  • Undisputed Champions of Professional Wrestling


References

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Delamere railway station

Delamere railway station serves both the town of Delamere and Delamere Forest in Cheshire. The station is a request stop and thus the train will only stop here is flagged down on the platform or a passenger informs the guard beforehand. It is unmanned, thus one must board the train and present a valid ticket or pay the fare, railcard fares are accepted.

  • The station gets 1tph to Chester stopping at:
Mouldsworth and Chester
  • There is also 1tph to Manchester Piccadilly, which stops at:
Cuddington, Greenbank, Northwich, Lostock Gralam (on request), Plumley, Knutsford, Mobberley (on request), Ashley (on request), Hale, Altrincham, Navigation Road, Stockport and Manchester Piccadilly

The station marks one end of the Baker Way footpath.

The station was used as a location in an episode of the popular UK TV series ‘Survivors’.


External links

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Two Locks

Two Locks is a suburb of Cwmbran in the county borough of Torfaen, traditional county of Monmouthshire, southern Wales, United Kingdom.

The locks in question are part of the Monmouthshire & Brecon Canal in its southern section between Newport and Pontypool.


Demographics

At the 2001 Census

  • Population 6572 (Torfaen 90,949)
  • 49.1% Male, 50.9% Female
  • Ages
    • 23.3% aged between 0-15
    • 41.1% aged between 16-44
    • 21.7% aged 45-59/64
    • 13.9% of pensionable age