Luggage locks

Ze’ev Binyamin “Benny” Begin (, born 1 March 1943) is a former Israeli politician and the son of former Prime Minister of Israel Menachem Begin. A geologist by training, Begin was first elected to the Knesset in 1988 as a Likud MK. In 1993 he ran in the Likud primary to succeed Yitzhak Shamir as party leader but was defeated by Benjamin Netanyahu. He served as science minister under Netanyahu from 1996, when Likud returned to power, until 1997 when he resigned to protest the Hebron Agreement.

He subsequently led hardliners out of the Likud with the hope of reviving the Herut political party founded by his father. With full support from former Prime Minister Yitzhak Shamir, Herut – The National Movement departed from the Likud and joined other right-wing parties to form an alliance opposing the Oslo Accords, the National Union. As a result of the National Union only earning four seats in the 1999 election, Begin resigned his seat and quit politics. Herut has since been led by Michael Kleiner. Since leaving politics Begin teaches science to Israeli high school students.

See also

• Revisionist Zionism

External links

• ‘Benny’ Begin leaving politics after poor showing in elections May 21, 1990

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Spread may refer to:

• Spread (food), an edible paste put on other foods
• the score difference being wagered on in spread betting
• the measure of line inclination in rational trigonometry
• Two-page spread a redundant term, also simply called “spread”, referring to two adjacent, facing pages in a magazine or other publication with conjoined or connected content
• In finance, the difference in price between related securities,
  • Bid/offer spread, between the buying and selling price of a commodity or security
  • Spread trade, between two related securities or commodities
  • Option adjusted spread, on mortgage backed securities where the borrower has the right to repay in full
  • Yield spread, difference in percentage rate of return of two instruments
  • Yield curve spread, on mortgage backed securities
• a term used for speed reading in American high school debate.

• The laying of Tarot cards in a certain manner

See also:

• Seafloor spreading, the process leading to continental drift
• Spread spectrum, communications signals over a range of frequencies
• Spread trader, holding positions in related securities, to trade the difference in price
• Spread limit, a limit on a raise in poker
• Spread polynomials, a polynomial sequence arising in rational trigonometry
• $pread, a quarterly magazine by and for sex workers
• “Spread”, a song by OutKast from their 2003 album Speakerboxxx/The Love Below

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Point-in-time recovery in the context of computers is a system whereby a set of data or a particular setting can be restored or recovered from a time in the past. An example of this is Windows XP’s feature of being able to restore operating system settings from a past date (before data corruption occurred, for example), or PostgreSQL’s feature of being able to view a database table and its data as it was at a particular date in the past.

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A Demister can be:

• Demister - A product used to clear a scuba mask of “fog”.

• Demister - A device that removes entrained liquid droplets from a gas stream.

EUROMESH® Wire mesh demister
Mist Eliminators are separation devices, used throughout all kinds of Process Industries, to remove liquid droplets from gas and/or vapour streams. The most commonly used type is the ‘wire mesh’ mist eliminator, as it has no moving parts and requires a little (if any) or no maintenance. Euromesh® wire mesh demisters are available in a wide range of styles, sizes and shapes. Wire mesh demisters are made slightly oversized and are to be compressed at their rim surface when installed, to fit snugly into the vessel.

In the Process Industry liquid mist, entrained in the product vapour, will undermines the process performance in several ways, such as:

Loss of Valuable Liquids
Loss in Overhead Vapour Quality
Fouling and Corrosion of Downstream Equipment
Catalyst Poisoning
Reduction in Operating Capacities
Unwanted Emissions from Vent Stacks

Often, this requires vapour-liquid separation in e.g. knock-out drums, heat exchangers, overhead accumulators, evaporators, crystallisers, liquid-phase reactor vents, compressor feed surge drums, or others.

BENEFITS, WHEN USING EUROMESH® DEMISTERS:-

         * Higher separation efficiency
       * Increasing throughput capacity
       * Provides equipment protection
       * Reducing the loss of valuable chemicals
       * Prevents (air) pollution
       * Eliminate contamination
       * Improvement of product purity

APPLICATIONS

       * Absorption columns
       * Distillation columns
       * Boilers and Scrubbers
       * Oil/water separators
       * Desalination units
       * Salt- and sugar industry
       * Desulphurization plants

Every mist elimination application is unique (!) Many times, the optimum mist eliminator solution requires more than using only a ‘wire mesh’ demister unit. Vane-type demisters, Inlet devices, Coalescers and/or Vapour distributors are accessories used to enhance the demisting performance. Please contact our office for detailed information of our system applications. We will be obliged to serve you.

Euromesh process engineers are available to assist you with the appropriate design
of your system. Be sure to take advantage of their expertise.

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The deep temporal nerves are two in number, anterior and posterior. They pass above the upper border of the pterygoideus externus and enter the deep surface of the Temporalis.

Branches

• The posterior branch, of small size, is placed at the back of the temporal fossa, and sometimes arises in common with the masseteric nerve.

• The anterior branch is frequently given off from the buccinator nerve, and then turns upward over the upper head of the pterygoideus externus.

• Frequently a third or intermediate branch is present.

See also

• Deep temporal arteries

External links

• ()

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Varistaipale canal is a Finnish canal in Heinävesi. The canal is a part of Heinävesi route (Heinäveden reitti), a route with six canals: Kerma, Vihovuonne, Pilppa, Karvio, Taivallahti and Varistaipale canals. The canal was built in 1911–1913 and has four locks. It is the biggest canal in Finland being the only canal to have this many locks. The height of drop totals 14.5 meters and the length is 1,100 meters.

Next to the canal there is a canal museum.

See also

• Saimaa canal, the longest canal in Finland

Sources

• , Varistaipale canal, in Finnish
• Heinäveden historia II (The History of Heinävesi II), 1989.

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The Windsor Locks, Connecticut tornado struck on October 3 1979. The short-lived, but intense F4 tornado (see Fujita scale) caused 3 deaths, 500 injuries, and - with more than $300 million in property damage along an 11-mile path - ranks as one of the most expensively destructive tornadoes in American history.

The tornado touched down in the town of Poquonock, Connecticut, just north of Hartford, Connecticut in the Connecticut River valley. It traveled north through the town of Windsor Locks, Connecticut before dissipating in the town of Suffield, Connecticut, just south of the Massachusetts state line.

The path of the tornado crossed the northern portion of Bradley International Airport, and many vintage aircraft at the nearby New England Air Museum were damaged or destroyed by the storm.

See also

• List of tornadoes and tornado outbreaks
• Fujita scale

External link

• The Windsor Locks, Connecticut Tornado of 3 October 1979: An Analysis of an Intermittent Severe Weather Event

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The McAlpine Locks and Dam refers to the series of locks and the hydroelectric dam in Louisville, Kentucky at the Falls of the Ohio. They are located at mile point 606.8 and control a 72.9 mile (117 km) long navigation pool. This was the first major engineering project on the Ohio River, and the first official name of the system of canal locks was the Louisville and Portland Canal, which was completed in 1830 to allow shipping traffic to navigate through the Falls of the Ohio. From 1925 to 1927, a dam for generating hydroelectric power was added, and the system of canals was expanded, first by a private company and then by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The hydroelectric plant at the time was the seventh largest hydroelectric plant in the United States.

The system was renamed the McAlpine Locks and Dam in 1960 in honor of William McAlpine, who was the only civilian to have ever served as district engineer for the Corps of Louisville. At present, the normal pool elevation is 420 feet (130 m) above sea level and the drainage area above the dam is 91,170 square miles (236,000 km²). The average daily flow at McAlpine is 118,000 cubic feet per second (3,340 m³/s). The lock chambers are located at the dam on the Kentucky side of the Ohio River and are capable of a normal lift of 37 feet (11 m) between the McAlpine pool upstream and the Cannelton pool downstream. The hydroelectric plant consists of eight turbine units with a net power generation capacity of 80,000 kilowatts. The hydroelectric plant is currently undergoing an 8-year long rehabilitation project. This will extend the life of the 1920s era turbine-generator units and increase power output to 100 megawatts.

In October 2003, McAlpine was designated a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.

The McAlpine locks are currently undergoing a 10-year, $278 million expansion project scheduled to be completed in 2008.

The hydroelectric plant is owned and operated by LG&E, a subsidiary of E.ON U.S., while the locks are operated by the Army Corps of Engineers.

See also

• List of crossings of the Ohio River

External links

• LG&E Plants
• Corps of Engineers 1
• Corps of Engineers 2

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Galling is a cold welding phenomenon which can occur when uncoated stainless steel or aluminium alloy parts, such as the threads of nuts and bolts, are forced together. These materials owe their corrosion resistance to the ease with which they passivate, forming a thin protective oxide layer. The friction scrapes off this oxide layer from the surface asperities and exposes clean reactive metal. If the mating parts are of a sufficiently similar material, no additional activation energy is needed to cold weld them together.

Galling can occur even if the parts are brought together slowly, and it is prevented by the presence of grease or surface coatings, even if the surface coatings increase friction. It does not occur when joining dissimilar materials (for example threading 18-8 stainless into 17-4 stainless) even though both of those materials are susceptible to galling. Galling does not occur on carbon steel.

In metalworking that involves cutting (primarily turning and milling) “galling” is used to describe a phenomenon which often occurs when cutting soft metal: workpiece material sticking to the cutter. It often occurs with aluminum and is a common cause of tool breakdown. When a soft material sticks to the cutting edges the effective surface area of the cutter increases. To achieve the pressure needed to cut the workpiece, a greater force is needed often resulting in extensive wear or breakage of the cutting tool.

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Gongoozlers are people who enjoy watching activity on the canals in the United Kingdom. The term is also often used in a more general way to describe those who have an interest in canals and the canal life, but do not actively participate.

Etymology

“Gongoozler” may have been canal workers’ slang for an observer standing apparently idle on the towpath. Although it was certainly used derisively in the past there is only very mild derision attached to the term today, and it is regularly used, perhaps with a little irony, by gongoozlers to describe themselves and their hobby.

The word may have arisen from words in Lincolnshire dialect: gawn and gooze, both meaning to stare or gape. Although it might be presumed that such an expression would date from the nineteenth century, when canals were at their peak, the word is only recorded from the end of that century or the early twentieth. It was given wider use by the late L T C Rolt, who used it in his book about canal life, Narrow Boat, in 1944.

Aspects of Gongoozling

Gongoozling, much like trainspotting, is a hobby that can extend to all aspects of canals.

Canal artwork

The collection or creation of canal related artwork is a common pastime amongst Gongoozlers. This includes paintings, postcards and photographs.

Canal locks

Canal locks often attract spectators, including Gongoozlers, because the operation of manual canal locks is a complex affair, with a number of opportunities for mistakes to be made. Some observers have been known to heckle or harass the boat crews, whilst others carry “lock keys” and actively wish to help boat crews with their passage.

Canal history and technology

Whilst trainspotting is commonly associated with identifying engine makes, it is rare for Gongoozlers to do likewise. However an interest can occur for the history of a section of canal, or the operation of locks and alternative devices such as inclined planes, water slopes, and boat lifts with types like the Anderton boat lift, the Falkirk Wheel and the Strépy-Thieu boat lift.

Notable locations

Fradley Junction is a popular place to observe canal traffic, as are many other junctions, due to the occasional need for three boats to pass.

Staircase locks, which can hold many boats at once, are very popular amongst gongoozlers, making Foxton Locks an ideal location for Gongoozling.

Some locations have became known for their Gongoozlers thanks to local events that encourage an increased number of observers. Princess Street lock on the Rochdale Canal in Manchester city centre is normally quite quiet, however it becomes a popular attraction during the Manchester Mardi Gras (actually held in late August).

The Falkirk Wheel is a huge and spectacular feat of engineering, which attracts very large numbers of Gongoozlers.

The eight locks of Fonserannes on the Canal du Midi attract so many Gongoozlers that they have become the third most popular tourist attraction in Languedoc.

See also

• Birdwatching
• Bus spotting
• Trainspotting

References

External Links

• www.gongoozler.org - the online presence of the Canal Card Collectors Circle

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Smile from the Streets You Hold is the second solo album by John Frusciante. The record was released during a time when Frusciante was not performing with the Red Hot Chili Peppers. It was released in 1997 on Birdman Records, while Frusciante was still addicted to heroin.

Recording

Many songs from Smile from the Streets You Hold were recorded when Frusciante was still with the Chili Peppers and are from the same period as his previous solo album, Niandra Lades and Usually Just a T-Shirt.

In a 1997 interview with Guitar Player, Frusciante claimed to have maintained active communication with the spirit world during the album’s recording phase:Rotondigic, James. “Till I Reach the Higher Ground.” Guitar Player, November 1997.

The late actor River Phoenix, a good friend of Frusciante and the rest of the Chili Peppers, is featured on two tracks, “Height Down” (originally titled “Soul Removal”), and “Well I’ve Been” (originally titled “Bought Her Soul”). Both songs were supposed to be released on Niandra LaDes, but were pulled by request of Phoenix’s family.

“More”, “I Can’t See Until I See Your Eyes”, and “Estress” were recorded directly to cassette on a boombox. Frusciante’s poor health is apparent in his voice.

Release

Frusciante had Smile from the Streets You Hold and his first solo album, Niandra Lades and Usually Just a T-Shirt, removed from record stores in 1998 after rejoining the Red Hot Chili Peppers because he felt uncomfortable with them being available to the public. He is quoted as saying that he released Smile from the Streets You Hold for drug money. Niandra Lades was eventually re-issued and Frusciante has promised he will one day re-release Smile from the Streets You Hold.

There is also a second print of Smile from the Streets You Hold available. Including an extended/edited version of “Life’s a Bath”, the title song “Smile from the Streets You Hold” is split in two separate tracks. Another difference between the 17-track version and the 18-track version is that on the former, John can be heard taking a hit from a bong on “For Air”.

Track listing

1. “Enter a Uh” – 8:06
2. “The Other” – 1:34
3. “Life’s a Bath” – 1:18
4. “A Fall Thru the Ground” – 2:24
5. “Poppy Man” – 1:21
6. “I May Again Know John” – 8:48
7. “I’m Always” – 2:33
8. “Nigger Song” – 4:15
9. “Femininity” – 2:35
10. “Breathe” – 6:21
11. “More” – 2:07
12. “For Air” – 3:55
13. “Height Down” – 4:00
14. “Well, I’ve Been” – 3:06
15. “Smile from the Streets You Hold” – 5:09
16. “I Can’t See Until I See Your Eyes” – 1:30
17. “Estress” – 2:17

References

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Heartbreak Hill may refer to:

Places

• Heartbreak Hill – an ascent about 20 miles into the Boston Marathon

• Heartbreak Hill –a set of locks more formally known as the Cheshire Locks on the Trent_and_Mersey_Canal

Music

• Heartbreak Hill (album) – an album by English band Strawbs

• Heartbreak Hill – an album by English guitarist Albert Lee

• Heartbreak Hill (band) – a Canadian country music band

• “Heartbreak Hill” – a country music song appearing on the Emmylou Harris album Bluebird

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In computer science, conservative two-phase locking (C2PL) is a locking method used in DBMS and relational databases.

Conservative 2PL prevents deadlocks.

The difference between 2PL and C2PL is that C2PL’s transactions obtain all the locks they need before the transactions begin. This is to ensure that a transaction that already holds some locks will not block waiting for other locks.

In heavy lock contention, C2PL reduces the time locks are held on average, relative to 2PL and Strict 2PL, because transactions that hold locks are never blocked.

In light lock contention, C2PL holds more locks than is necessary, because it is hard to tell what locks will be needed in the future, thus leads to higher overhead.

Also, a transaction will not even obtain any locks if it cannot obtain all the locks it needs in its initial request. Furthermore, each transaction needs to declare its read and write set (data items to be read/written during transaction), which is not always possible. Because of these limitations, C2PL is not used very frequently.

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Fobney Lock is a lock on the River Kennet in the Small Mead area of Reading in the English county of Berkshire.

Fobney Lock was built between 1718 and 1723 under the supervision of the engineer John Hore of Newbury, and this stretch of the river is now administered by British Waterways and known as the Kennet Navigation. It has a rise/fall of 7 ft 8 in (2.24 m).

There have been ongoing plans to turn Fobney Island, adjacent to the lock, into a wetlands nature reserve.

References

See also

• Locks on the Kennet and Avon Canal

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Duty of Loyalty is a term used in corporate law to describe a fiduciary’s loyalty to a corporation.

Section 8.60 of The Model Business Corporation states there is a conflict of interest when the director knows that at the time of a commitment that he or a related person is 1) a party to the transaction or 2) has a beneficial financial interest in the transaction that the interest.

Conditions of self-dealing transaction

• A key player and the corporation are on opposite sides of the transaction
• The key player has helped influence the corporation’s decisions to enter the transaction
• The key player’s personal financial interest are at least potentially in conflict with the financial interests of the corporation.

Definition: General duty imposed on a person with power

Ways the proponent of a self-dealing transaction can avoid invalidation

• By showing approval by a majority of disinterested directors
• Showing ratification by shareholders (MBCA 8.63)
• Showing transaction was inherently fair (MBCA 8.61)

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In statistics, the absolute deviation of an element of a data set is the absolute difference between that element and a given point. Typically the point from which the deviation is measured is the value of either the median or the mean of the data set.

<math>|D| = |x_i-\overline{x}| </math>

where

|D| is the absolute deviation,

x_i is the data element

and <math>\overline{x}</math> is the chosen measure of central tendency of the data set.

The average absolute deviation (or simply average deviation) of a data set is the average (or expected value) of the absolute deviations and is a summary statistic of statistical dispersion or variability.

The average absolute deviation of a set {x₁, x₂, …, x_n} is

<math>\frac{1}{n}\sum_{i=1}^n |x_i-\overline{x}|</math>

The choice of measure of central tendency has a marked effect on the value of the average deviation. For example, for the data set {2, 2, 3, 4, 14}:

The average absolute deviation from the median is less than or equal to the average absolute deviation from the mean. In fact, the average absolute deviation from the median is always less than or equal to the average absolute deviation from any other fixed number.

The average absolute deviation from the mean is less than or equal to the standard deviation. One way of proving that relies on Jensen’s inequality.

The mean absolute deviation is the average absolute deviation from the mean and is a common measure of forecast error in time series analysis. It should be noted that although the term mean deviation is used as a synonym for mean absolute deviation, to be precise it is not the same; in its strict interpretation (namely, omitting the absolute value operation), the mean deviation of any data set from its mean is always zero.

The mean absolute deviation of a sample is a biased estimator of the mean absolute deviation of the population.

See also

• Deviation (statistics)
• Median absolute deviation

External links

• Advantages of the mean absolute deviation

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In computer science, conservative two-phase locking (C2PL) is a locking method used in DBMS and relational databases.

Conservative 2PL prevents deadlocks.

The difference between 2PL and C2PL is that C2PL’s transactions obtain all the locks they need before the transactions begin. This is to ensure that a transaction that already holds some locks will not block waiting for other locks.

In heavy lock contention, C2PL reduces the time locks are held on average, relative to 2PL and Strict 2PL, because transactions that hold locks are never blocked.

In light lock contention, C2PL holds more locks than is necessary, because it is hard to tell what locks will be needed in the future, thus leads to higher overhead.

Also, a transaction will not even obtain any locks if it cannot obtain all the locks it needs in its initial request. Furthermore, each transaction needs to declare its read and write set (data items to be read/written during transaction), which is not always possible. Because of these limitations, C2PL is not used very frequently.

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Linus Yale, Jr. (14 April 1821 - 25 December 1868) was an American mechanical engineer and manufacturer, best known for his inventions of locks, especially the cylinder lock.

Linus Yale, Jr. was born in Salisbury, New York. Yale’s father, Linus Yale, Sr., opened a lock shop in the 1840s in Newport, New York, specializing in bank locks. His son joined him in the business in 1850, and introduced some combination safe locks and key-operated cylinder locks around 1862. Then in 1868, he and Henry Robinson Towne founded the Yale Lock Manufacturing Company in the South End section of Stamford, Connecticut to produce cylinder locks. Yale died later that year.

Yale & Towne Lock Company later became so successful that Stamford was later nicknamed “Lock City.”

Yale’s cylinder lock, also called a pin-tumbler lock, was based on a principle similar to that of the first key-operated lock invented by the Egyptians around 2000 B.C.

Inventions patented by Linus Yale, Jr. and his estate from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office:

Patents

• 6 May 1851 Pat. #8,071 - Newport, New York
• 19 Oct 1852 Pat. #9,350 - Newport, New York
• 21 Dec 1852 Pat. #9,497 - Newport, New York
• 12 July 1853 Pat. #9,850 - Newport, New York
• 12 Jul 1853 Pat. #9,853 - Newport, New York
• 3 Jun 1856 Pat. #15,031 - Newport, New York
• 19 Oct 1858 Pat. #21,861 - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• 9 Nov 1858 Pat. #22,048 - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• 12 Jun 1860 Pat. #28710 - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• 29 Jan 1861 Pat. #31,278 - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• 14 May 1861 Pat. #32,331 - Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
• 27 Jun 1865 Pat. #48,475 - Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• 27 Jun 1865 Pat. #48,476 - Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
  
• 6 Feb 1866 Pat. #52,484 - Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• 19 Nov 1867 Pat. #71,110 - Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• 7 Jan 1868 Pat. #73,152 - Cooperstown, New York
• 4 Feb 1868 Pat. #74,025 - Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• 15 Sep 1868 Pat. #82,192 - Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• 4 Jan 1870 Pat. #98,536 - Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• 19 Sep 1871 Pat. #119,212 - Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts
• 24 Oct 1871 Pat. #120,177 - Shelburne Falls, Massachusetts

Publication

• R. H. Yale, Yale Genealogy and History of Wales (Beatrice, Neb., 1908)

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For probabilists practicisng mathematical probability theory, see List of mathematical probabilists

In theology and philosophy, probabilism (from Latin probare, to test, approve) holds that in the absence of certainty, probability is the best criterion.

Theology

In moral theology, especially Catholic, it refers especially to the view in casuistry that in difficult matters of conscience one may safely follow a doctrine that is probable, for example is approved by a recognized Doctor of the Church, even if the opposite opinion is more probable.

This view was advanced by the Spanish theologian Bartolomé de Medina (1527 - 1581) and defended by many Jesuits such as Luis Molina (1528 - 1581). It was heavily criticised by Blaise Pascal in his Provincial Letters as leading to moral laxity. Opposed to probabilism is probabiliorism (Latin probabilior, “more likely”), which holds that when there is a preponderance of evidence on one side of a controversy one is obliged to follow that side, and tutiorism (Latin tutior, “safer”), which holds that in case of doubt one must take the morally safer side. A more radical view, “minus probabilissimus”, holds that an action is permissible if a single opinion allowing that action is available, even if the overwhelming weight of opinion proscribes it.

Philosophy

In philosophy the term is applied to that practical doctrine which gives assistance in ordinary matters to one who is skeptical in respect of the possibility of real knowledge: it supposes that though knowledge is impossible, a man may rely on strong beliefs in practical affairs. This view was held by the skeptics of the New Academy (see skepticism and Carneades.).

Academic skeptics accept probabilism, while Pyrrhonian skeptics do not.

See also

• Equiprobabilism
• Compensationism
• Probabiliorism

Sources and references

• Probabilism (1911)
• J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture: Evidence and Probability Before Pascal (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001), ch. 4

External links

• PhilosophyProfessor.com: Probabilism

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In computer science, conservative two-phase locking (C2PL) is a locking method used in DBMS and relational databases.

Conservative 2PL prevents deadlocks.

The difference between 2PL and C2PL is that C2PL’s transactions obtain all the locks they need before the transactions begin. This is to ensure that a transaction that already holds some locks will not block waiting for other locks.

In heavy lock contention, C2PL reduces the time locks are held on average, relative to 2PL and Strict 2PL, because transactions that hold locks are never blocked.

In light lock contention, C2PL holds more locks than is necessary, because it is hard to tell what locks will be needed in the future, thus leads to higher overhead.

Also, a transaction will not even obtain any locks if it cannot obtain all the locks it needs in its initial request. Furthermore, each transaction needs to declare its read and write set (data items to be read/written during transaction), which is not always possible. Because of these limitations, C2PL is not used very frequently.

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Bisoprolol is a drug belonging to the group of beta blockers, a class of drugs used primarily in cardiovascular diseases. More specifically, it is a selective type β1 adrenergic receptor blocker FASS (Swedish official drug catalog) (labeling as “Selektiv beta1-blockerare” = selective beta1-blocker).

Indications

Bisoprolol (Monocor) can be used to treat cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, arrhythmias, ischemic heart diseases and treatment of myocardial infarction after the acute event. Patients with compensated congestive heart failure may be treated with Bisoprolol as a comedication (usually together with an ACE inhibitor, a diuretic and a digitalis-glycosid, if indicated). In patients with congestive heart failure, it reduces the need for and the consumption of oxygen of the heart muscle. It is very important to start with low doses, as bisoprolol reduces also the muscular power of the heart, which is an undesired effect in congestive heart failure.

The drug is also used to treat other conditions, including dysautonomia, anxiety and hyperthyroidism (overfunction of the thyroid gland).

References

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In mathematics and theoretical physics, resummation is a procedure to obtain a finite result from a divergent sum (series) of functions. Resummation involves a definition of another (convergent) function in which the individual terms defining the original function are rescaled, and an integral transformation of this new function in order to obtain the original function. Borel resummation is probably the most well-known example.

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Algoma was a provincial electoral district in northern Ontario, Canada that elected one member to the Legislative Assembly of Ontario. It existed from 1867 to 1884, 1902 to 1934 and from 1967 to 1999. In 1999, the riding was abolished into Algoma—Manitoulin.

Members of the Legislative Assembly/Members of Provincial Parliament

This riding elected the following members of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario:

1. Frederick William Cumberland, Conservative (1867-1874)
2. Simon James Dawson, Liberal (1875-1878)
3. Robert Adam Lyon, Liberal (1878-1884)

1. William Smyth, Conservative (1902-1908)
2. Albert Grigg, Conservative (1908-1915)
3. John Robb, Conservative (1915-1934)

1. Bernt Gilbertson, Progressive Conservative (1967-1975)
2. Bud Wildman, New Democrat (1975-1999)

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Molecular computers are massively parallel computers taking advantage of the computational power of molecules (specifically biological).

Molectronics specifically refers to the sub-field of physics which addresses the computational potential of atomic arrangements.

See also

• Chemical computer
• Analog computer
• DNA computer
• Digital computer
• Quantum computer
• Computation

External links

• Introduction text

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A cyclin-dependent kinase complex (abbreviated cdkc, also called cyclin-CDK) is a protein complex formed by the association of cyclin with cyclin-dependent kinase. These complexes are able to phosphorylate other compounds under consumption of ATP, and are thereby involved in the regulation of the cell cycle. Depending on the type of cyclin attached to CDK, it has a different function. These serve as markers in each phase which are integral for the correct sequence of events, as well as facilitating the transition to the next phase.

Classes

There are three classes of cdkc depending on the phase of the cell cycle.

• G₁ phase cdkc.
• S phase cdkc.
• M phase cdkc

See also

• Cell cycle

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In computer science, corecursion is a type of operation that is dual to recursion. Corecursion is typically used (in conjunction with lazy evaluation) to generate infinite data structures.

The rule for primitive corecursion on codata is the dual to that for primitive recursion on data. Instead of descending on the argument, we ascend on the result. Notice that corecursion creates (potentially infinite) codata, whereas ordinary recursion analyses (necessarily finite) data. Ordinary recursion is not applicable to the codata because it might not terminate. Conversely, corecursion is not applicable if the result type is data, because data must be finite.

Here is an example in Haskell. The following definition produces the list of Fibonacci numbers in linear time:

fibs = 0 : 1 : zipWith (+) fibs (tail fibs)

The infinite list is produced by corecursion — the latter values of the list are computed on demand starting from the initial two items 0 and 1. This kind of definition is possible only because of lazy evaluation, which allows algorithms on parts of codata to terminate; such techniques are an important part of Haskell programming.

References

See also

• Bisimulation
• Coinduction

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A Credit Memo (short for “credit memorandum”) is a commercial document issued by a seller to a buyer, indicating the products, quantities and agreed prices for products or services that the seller provided the buyer with, but the buyer returned or did not receive. It may also be issued in the case of damaged goods, errors or allowances. A Credit Memo can reduce or eliminate the amount that the buyer has to pay the seller in respect of the original invoice issued earlier.

The Credit Memo usually contains: PO #, Date, Billing Address, Shipping Address, Terms of Payment, List of products with quantites and prices. Usually it also references the original Invoice and sometimes it states the reason for issue.

Credit Memos are often called Credit Notes or just Credits.

The seller usually issues a Credit Memo for the same or lower amount than the invoice, and then repays the money to the buyer or sets it off against a balance due from other transactions.

The term may also refer to the document provided by a bank to a depositor to indicate that the depositor’s balance is being increased because of some event other than a deposit, such as the collection by the bank of the depositor’s note receivable.

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In computing, code momentum is the situation where large amounts of code dependency are repeated in programming code creating a stubborn dependency. That is a sort of momentum. The more things are done one way, the more definitely you’re headed in that direction, and the harder it is to change course. Some claim that minimizing dependencies limits momentum and makes it easier to change course.

Code momentum is alleged to be an example of an anti-pattern.

Criticism

However, coding to an API with multiple implementations to choose from is not necessarily harmful. For example, JDBC is the de-facto standard for communicating with relational databases in Java (when not using object-relational mapping). Although using JDBC creates a dependency on JDBC, that is not necessarily a big deal - as opposed to using some non-standard, vendor-specific extensions or SQL syntax, which does create a dependency on one database and makes it harder to shift.

Moreover, trying to reduce external dependencies too much may result in Not invented here syndrome, which can be counterproductive.

See also

Adapt to adapt for an anti code momentum checklist.

References

• Code Momentum from Perl Design Patterns Book

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ISAM stands for Indexed Sequential Access Method, a method for storing data for fast retrieval. ISAM was originally developed by IBM for mainframe computers and today forms the basic data store of almost all databases, both relational and otherwise.

In an ISAM system, data is organized into records which are composed of fixed length fields. Records are stored sequentially, originally to speed access on a tape system. A secondary set of hash tables known as indexes contain “pointers” into the tables, allowing individual records to be retrieved without having to search the entire data set. This is a departure from the contemporary navigational databases, in which the pointers to other data were stored inside the records themselves. The key improvement in ISAM is that the indexes are small and can be searched quickly, allowing the database to then access only the records it needs. Additionally modifications to the data do not require changes to other data, only the table and indexes in question.

Relational databases can be easily built on an ISAM framework with the addition of logic to maintain the validity of the links between the tables. Typically the field being used as the link, the foreign key, will be indexed for quick lookup. While this is slower than simply storing the pointer to the related data directly in the records, it also means that changes to the physical layout of the data do not require any updating of the pointers — the entry will still be valid.

ISAM is very simple to understand and implement, as it primarily consists of direct, sequential access to a database file. It is also very inexpensive. The tradeoff is that each client machine must manage its own connection to each file it accesses. This, in turn, leads to the possibility of conflicting inserts into those files, leading to an inconsistent database state. This is typically solved with the addition of a client-server framework which marshals client requests and maintains ordering. This is the basic concept behind a DBMS (Database Management System), which is a client layer over the underlying data store.

ISAM was replaced at IBM with a methodology called VSAM (Virtual Storage Access Method). Still later, IBM developed DB2, which, as of 2004, IBM promotes as their primary database management system. VSAM is the physical access method used in DB2.

MySQL implements and extends ISAM as MyISAM.

The RMS file system included with the OpenVMS operating system is one example of an ISAM file system. Borland Paradox is another.

See also

• Virtual storage access method
• MyISAM
• Extensible Storage Engine
• B-tree
• Flat file

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Readspel is a new script or writing system invented by Kingsley Read. It is based on the Roman alphabet, but with new meanings for the letters, so that each symbol represents a distinct phoneme in the English language, and, more importantly, each phoneme in English can be represented with only one symbol. This allows English to be written with the following advantages:

• Spellings are based on how words sound, simplifying the process of learning to read and write for both children and those learning English as a second language.
• Pronunciation is evident from the spelling, making it easier for native speakers to learn new words, as well as for non-native speakers to learn the language from written sources.
• Writing is more compact.

The adoption of Readspel would constitute a spelling reform.

External links

• Kingsley Read’s Scripts

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In special relativity, the energy-momentum relation is a relation between the energy, momentum and the mass of a body:

<math> E^2 = m^2 c^4 + p^2 c^2 , \;</math>

where c is the speed of light, <math>E \;</math> is total energy, <math>m \;</math> is invariant mass, and <math>p\;</math> is momentum.

For a body in its rest frame, the momentum is zero, so the equation simplifies to

<math> E = mc^2 \;</math>

If the object is massless then the energy momentum relation reduces to

<math> E = pc \;</math>

as is the case for a photon.

In natural units the energy-momentum relation can be expressed as

<math> \omega^2 = m^2 + k^2 \;</math>

where <math>\omega \;</math> is angular frequency, <math>m \;</math> is rest mass and <math>k \;</math> is wave number.

In Minkowski space, energy and momentum (the latter multiplied by a factor of c) can be seen as two components of a Minkowski four-vector. The norm of this vector is equal to the square of the rest mass of the body, which is a Lorentz invariant quantity and hence is independent of the frame of reference.

When working in units where c = 1, known as the natural unit system, the energy-momentum equation reduces to

<math>m^2 = E^2 - p^2 \,\!</math></br>

In particle physics, energy is typically given in units of electron volts (eV), momentum in units of eV/c, and mass in units of eV/c². In electromagnetism, and because of relativistic invariance, it is useful to have the electric field E and the magnetic field B in the same unit (gauss), using the cgs (gaussian) system of units, where energy is given in units of erg, momentum in g.cm/s and mass in grams.

Energy may also in theory be expressed in units of grams, though in practice it requires a large amount of energy to be equivalent to masses in this range. For example, the first atomic bomb liberated about 1 gram of heat, and the largest thermonuclear bombs have generated a kilogram or more of heat. Energies of thermonuclear bombs are usually given in tens of kilotons and megatons referring to the energy liberated by exploding that amount of trinitrotoluene (TNT).

See also

• Mass-energy equivalence
• Four-momentum

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The Light of Day or Light of Day may refer to:

• Light of Day (1963 film), a 1963 movie starring Peter Sellers
• Light of Day, a 1987 film
• Light Of Day, Day Of Darkness, a 2002 progressive metal album by Green Carnation
• The Light of Day (Eric Ambler novel), a 1962 novel by Eric Ambler (filmed as Topkapi)
• The Light of Day (Graham Swift novel), a 2003 novel by Graham Swift
• The Light of Other Days, a 2000 science fiction novel by Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter
• “The Harsh Light of Day” (Buffy episode), a 1999 episode of the television show Buffy the Vampire Slayer

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The Chubb Locks subsidiary of the Assa Abloy Group is a British manufacturer of high security locking systems for residential and commercial applications.

Chubb was started as a ship’s ironmonger by Charles Chubb in Winchester, England and then moved to Portsmouth, England in 1804.

Chubb moved the company into the locksmith business in 1818 in Wolverhampton. The company worked out of a number of premises in Wolverhampton including the purpose built factory on Railway Street now still known as the Chubb Building. His brother Jeremiah Chubb then joined the company and they sold Jeremiah’s patented detector lock

In 1823 the company was awarded a special license by George IV and later became the sole supplier of locks to the General Post Office and a supplier to His Majesty’s Prison Service.

In 1835 they received a patent for a burglar-resisting safe and opened a safe factory in London in 1837.

In 1851 they designed a special secure display case for the Koh-i-Noor diamond for its appearance at the Great Exhibition.

In 1984 the company was purchased by Racal, who sold it in 1997 to Williams Plc. In August 2000, they were sold to Assa Abloy.

Cultural references

• Chubb Locks is mentioned in Alan Hollinghurst’s 2005 novel, The Line of Beauty (in the very last pages).
• Irene Adler’s manor in The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes is secured by a Chubb lock.

See also

• Baron Hayter

External links

• Official website

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In computer science, non-strict two-phase locking, also 2PL, is a locking method used in concurrent systems.

The rules for 2PL are similar to those of Strict 2PL:

1. If a transaction T wants to read/write an object, it must request a shared/exclusive lock on the object.
2. A transaction cannot request additional locks on any object once it releases any lock, and it can release locks at any time (not only at commit time, as in Strict 2PL).

So, every transaction has a growing phase (it acquires locks) and a shrinking phase (it releases locks). 2PL allows only conflict serializable schedules, but doesn’t guarantee that deadlocks will be avoided.

2PL is one scheduling algorithm, sometimes used instead of:

• simultaneous locking, simultaneous release (Disadvantage: redundant locking, no interactive transactions)
• incremental locking, simultaneous release (Disadvantage: Deadlock)
• simultaneous locking, incremental release (Disadvantage: rollback, redundant locking)
• incremental locking, incremental release (Disadvantage: deadlock, rollback)

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The BACHO record format is one of the two standard formats used for the interchange of financial transactions in the New Zealand banking system. The other standard format is QC.

BACHO-format transactions are primarily used in batch processing systems running on MVS mainframe computers.

A BACHO record is a fixed-length 160-byte entity. This length restriction has led to a number of complexities in interpreting the contents of BACHO transactions, including:

• Some BACHO fields are interpreted differently depending on whether they contain numeric or alphabetic data.
• Some BACHO transactions are broken into multiple records, and then reassembled for processing.

See also

• Record-oriented filesystem

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In finance, accretion is the change in the price of a bond bought at a discount to the par value of the bond.

Accretion, in a corporate finance environment, is essentially the actual value created after a particular transaction. A deal will always be earnings accretive if the acquirer’s price-to-earnings ratio is greater than the target’s price-to-earnings ratio, including the acquisition premium.

In accounting, accretion expense is the expense created when updating the present value of an instrument. For example, if you originally recognize the present value of a liability at $650, which has a future value of $1000, every year you must increase the PV of the liability as it comes closer to its FV. If the above liability, for example an asset retirement obligation, had a discount rate of 10%, accretion expense in Yr.1 would be $65 and the PV of the liability at the end of Yr.1 would be $715.

In the context of mergers and acquisitions, accretion is referred to as the increase in a company’s earnings per share on a pro forma basis following the transaction. For example, if Company A has $1.00 earnings per share and after acquiring Company B, the combined company’s earnings per share is $1.25, then the acquisition would be referred to as 25% accretive. In contrast, a transaction is dilutive if the earnings per share decreases following the transaction.

References

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With reference to a database transaction, a nested transaction occurs when a new transaction is started by an instruction that is already inside an existing transaction. The new nested transaction is said to be nested within the existing transaction, hence the term.

Changes made by the nested transaction are not seen by the ‘host’ transaction until the nested transaction is committed. This follows from the isolation property of transactions.

The capability to handle nested transactions properly is a prerequisite for true component based application architectures. In a component-based, encapsulated architecture, nested transactions can occur without the programmer knowing it. A component function may or may not contain a database transaction (this is the encapsulated secret of the component. See Information hiding). If a call to such a component function is made inside a BEGIN - COMMIT bracket, nested transactions occur. Since popular databases like MySQL do not allow nesting BEGIN - COMMIT brackets, a framework or a transaction monitor is needed to handle this.
When we speak about nested transaction,it should be made clear that this feature is RDBMS dependent and is not available for all databases.

This article: [[1]] introduces the fundamental theorem for nested transations similarly to the one for flat transactions.

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This article is about the conjugation of verbs in the Georgian language (focused on examples). The reader is advised to see Georgian grammar, especially if not familiar with the language, before attempting to read this article.

Georgian verb conjugation remains a tough subject even for the people who have been studying the language for a while. Even after studying over hundreds of verbs, one may still encounter a new verb whose conjugation deviates from what the person has learnt. This is not to say that the verbs are irregular, rather, to state that verbs in Georgian do not tend to conform to a “universal” conjugation system like in most other languages. Even native speakers may disagree on some verbs’ conjugations. In verb conjugation, there are some important factors to keep track of:

1. Georgian has four classes of verbs: transitive, intransitive, medial and indirect verbs. Each class has its own set of rules of conjugation for all screeves. What makes it even more difficult is that there are numerous verbs in Georgian that do not seem to conform to the conjugation of one class (see irregular verbs below).
2. Preverb. Although preverbs may have directional meanings, most of the time it is totally arbitrary which verb takes which preverb. In addition, there are many verbs in Georgian, which have a common verb stem. Since preverbs are absent in the present screeves, these verbs are identical in the present series, and differ in the rest of the series, because different preverbs are prefixed to the verb stem. A learner of the language has no choice but to learn the preverb of each verb.
3. Versions. The versioners in Georgian establish the language’s polypersonalism. Although each version vowel has a specific meaning, most of the time, like preverbs, they have arbitrary meanings. Therefore when learning a new verb, the version vowel the verb employs should also be learnt.
4. Thematic suffix. Thematic suffixes are the stems that follow the root of the verb. They are used in the present and future screeves and are mostly (though not always) absent in the aorist and perfective screeves. Like preverbs and versions, thematic suffixes are not only arbitrary, but they also determine the conjugation in the aorist and perfective screeves for transitive (class 1) verbs. There are nine thematic suffixes in Georgian, and almost all the verbs have a specific thematic suffix. Again, when learning a new verb, the thematic suffix has to be learnt together with the other elements.
5. In addition, one also has to take into account which suffixal nominal marker is to be used for each verb. This is, however, not arbitrary. The use of appropriate suffixal nominal marker depends on the thematic suffix (as stated above). For each thematic suffix, there are set of rules whether the conjugation is strong or weak for the aorist series and the perfective series of screeves. These set of rules for each thematic suffix have to be mastered.
6. Georgian has many irregular verbs. It is not possible to give an exact number, because there are different levels of irregularities. Some verbs have different verb roots in different screeves and, thus, are considered irregular. Some other verbs use the same verb root throughout all the screeves, but their conjugations deviate from the normal paradigm of the verb class that they belong to. In addition, some indirect verbs (class 4) are also considered irregular, because they only behave like indirect verbs in the present screeves, and behave like transitive verbs (class 1) in the rest of the screeves.

Class 1 (transitive verbs)

• In the present and future sub-series, the subject is in the nominative case and both the direct and indirect objects are in the dative case. The subject is indicated by the v- set marker, while the object is indicated by the m- set marker.
• In the aorist series, the subject is in the ergative case while the direct object is in the nominative case. Indirect object is in the dative case. The subject is indicated by the v- set marker, while the object is indicated by the m- set marker.
• In the perfective series, the subject is in the dative case while the direct object is in the nominative case. Indirect object is usually indicated with the post-position -tvis (for). The subject is indicated by the m- set marker, while the object is indicated by the v- set marker.

• In the present sub-series, the preverbs are absent, but the thematic suffixes do exist.
• In the future sub-series, the preverbs emerge, and the thematic suffixes remain.
• In the aorist series, the preverbs emerge, and the thematic suffixes are absent (mostly).
• In the prefective series, the preverbs emerge, and, if the thematic suffix is -eb, its presence depends on whether or not there is a vowel in the root of the verb. If there is a vowel, the thematic suffix remains, otherwise it is lost.

Here is a full conjugation of a verb with all persons in all screeves:

Verb root

shen; infinite form asheneba (to build)

Present subseries

The thematic suffix -eb is present, but without the preverb:

Future subseries

The preverb a- emerges:

Aorist series

The preverb is present; the thematic suffix is lost:

Perfective series

The preverb is present; the thematic suffix is present (due to vowel in root). N.B. subject is marked with the m- set, and the verb form here assumes a 3rd person singular direct object:

Notes

¹ The imperfective screeve of class 1 verbs always takes the strong suffixal nominal marker -i

² The present subjunctive screeve of class 1 verbs always takes the week suffixal nominal marker -e

³ Class 1 verbs which take the weak suffixal nominal marker in the aorist screeve, take the -o- nominal
marker in the optative screeve, and verbs which take the strong suffixal nominal marker in the aorist
screeve, take the -a- nominal marker in the optative screeve.

† The perfective screeve of class 1 verbs always uses the -i- versioner.

‡ The pluperfect and the perfect subjunctive screeves of class 1 verbs always employ the -e- versioner.

Class 2 (intransitive verbs)

• In class 2 verbs, the subject is in the nominative case for all series, using the v- set marker. Indirect objects (the benefactor or possessive) are indicated with the m- set marker.

• The pattern of preverbs and thematic suffixes is generally the same as with class 1 verbs, except in the perfective series.

• Almost all intransitives utilise the thematic suffix -eb in formation. Additionally, intransitives may use formational affixes: resulting in a total of three types of formation pattern in intransitives:

1. prefixal: i- appears immediately before the verb root
2. suffixal: -d appears immediately after the verb root
3. markerless: no affixes appear

Below is a full conjugation of an intransitive verb:

Verb root

bad; infinite form dabadeba (to be born)

This verb exhibits the prefixal intransitive pattern; i- is placed immediately before the verb root in all series apart from the perfective.

Present subseries

The thematic suffix -eb is present, without the preverb:

Future subseries

The preverb da- emerges:

Aorist series

The preverb is present; the thematic suffix is lost:

Perfective series

Formation comprises the past participle (da-(v)-bad-eb-ul-i), followed by a form of the copula:

Class 3 (medial verbs)

• These verbs have the same case marking as class 1 verbs (i.e. aorist series - ergative-nominative; present/future series - nominative-dative; perfective series - dative-nominative), the difference being that they describe intransitive activities: verbs expressing movement, sound and weather are found in this category.
• Therefore, many class 3 verbs do not take a direct object; however some may (e.g. tamashob - to play), whilst others take an obligatory direct object (e.g. q’idulob - to buy).
• Almost all medials form the future/aorist in the same, very regular, way, outlined below.

Full conjugation follows:

Verb root

tamash; infinite form tamashoba (to play)

Present subseries

The thematic suffix -ob is present:

Future subseries

A type of preverb i- emerges, in combination with the thematic suffix -eb which replaces -ob (or any thematic suffix):

Aorist series

Based on the future form with prefix, but with the loss of the thematic suffix:

Perfective series

There is no preverb or thematic suffix; subjects are marked in the same way as in class 1 (i.e. with the m- set and appropriate formant vowels). The object (if present in context) is assumed to be 3rd person singular. N.B in this series, for some unknown reason, all screeves allow an optional -n- directly after the stem.

Class 4 (indirect or ‘inversion’ verbs)

• This class of verb is known as indirect or ‘inverted’ as it marks the logical subject with the indirect object marker set (m- set) and the direct object with the subject marker set (v- set). Nouns are declined in agreement: the logical subject is in the dative, and object in the nominative (or sometimes genitive, as in gogo-s (dat.) dzaghl-is (gen.) e-shin-i-a - the girl is afraid of the dog).
• Verbs in this class denote feelings, sensations and endurant states of being (see also stative verbs), including verbs such as q’av - to have (X, animate), kv - to have (X, inanimate) q’var - to love and nd - to want.
• Class 4 verbs also include ‘desideratives’ (verbs of desiring), created using the circumfix e- — -eb (compare tsek’v-av-s ‘he dances’ and e-tsek’v-eb-a ‘he feels like dancing’).

The verb paradigm follows. For simplicity, the verb form always assumes a 3rd person singular object:

Verb root

q’var - to love

Present subseries

The verb takes the ’subjective’ versioniser i- in the 1st and 2nd persons, ‘objective’ u- in the 3rd person. Note the ending of the 2nd and 3rd person plural (subject) marker -t takes precedence over the 3rd person singular (object) marker -s:

Future subseries

Here the verb forms its screeves by using a pre-radical vowel e-, and the thematic suffix -eb, in a way similar to the class 2 verbs (but without the preverb):

Aorist series

Since the verb does not have an aorist form, and uses the imperfect instead (as many other class 4 verbs), the aorist forms of shegiq’vardeba ‘you’ll fall in love with X’ are substituted:

Perfective series

This series is not especially consistent: the perfect screeve uses versionisers before the root, whereas the pluperfect and perfect subjunctive screeves take no versioniser. The series forms using the suffix -eb, with -od as a further suffix in the pluperfect and perfect subjunctive screeves.

N.B. It is important to bear in mind that each verb form given in the tables has a further five forms corresponding to the 1st and 2nd person singular direct objects, and the 1st, 2nd and 3rd person plural direct objects, giving a theoretical total of 396 bi-personal forms! In practice however these forms are not always distinct (for example the plurality of the 3rd person is not always present in the form). For further discussion, see ‘Direct and indirect objects’.

Direct and indirect objects

• The verb -ts’er-, “to write,” (transitive verb)

• • Simplest, we have: v-ts’er, (”I am writing”) and ts’er-s, (”he/she is writing).

• • Adding the -u- versioner, we have v-u-ts’er, (”I am writing to him/her”). Another way to think of this is as follows. In the sentence “I am writing to him/her,” him/her is the indirect object. Since, for the verb “write,” indirect objects are indicated with the m- set, one has to use the prefix u- to indicate the third person indirect object.

• • In order to say “I am writing to you (singular)”, we have to remember that you is the indirect object in this sentence. As stated in the verbal system, verbs which employ the v- set marker to indicate the subject, use the m- set marker to indicate the direct or the indirect object. Looking at the table of the m- set marker, we see that the prefixal nominal marker for the second person singular is g-. Therefore, “I am writing to you (singular) in Georgian is g-ts’er. If we want to say, “I am writing to you (plural)”, then we have g-ts’er-t.

• • Note, however, that some ambiguities arise, as the verb encapsulates the indirect object. While g-ts’er-t means “I am writing to you (plural),” it could also mean “he/she is writing to you (plural). This is because the plural indirect object “you (plural)” requires both the prefixal nominal marker g- and the plural marker -t. The rule in Georgian is that, if a consonant plural marker (-t) is to be attached to the verb complex, another suffixal consonant nominal marker has to be dropped. For example, one cannot say g-ts’er-s-t (”he/she is writing to you (plural)”) in Georgian. Therefore, the verb, in cases like this, fails to indicate whether the performer of the action is the first person or the third person. One, then, has to consider the role of the verb in the entire sentence to understand the exact meaning of the verb.

• The verb -nd-, “to want,” belongs to indirect verb class (class 4).

• • Simplest, we have m-i-nd-a, “I want,” and u-nd-a, “he/she wants.”

• • When we want to construct, “he wants me,” me is the direct object. Since the verb “want” requires the m- set marker for the subject, it requires the v- set for the object (this is exactly the opposite in verb “write”). To do this, we need to put both the letter v- at the beginning of the verb and we need to add the auxiliary verb -var to the end (as auxiliary verbs are needed in the present and perfective screeves of indirect verbs when the direct object is the first or the second person). Therefore, we have v-u-nd-i-var. The letter -u- right after the letter v- establishes the meaning that it is the third person who wants. To say, “you want me,” we, then, have v-i-nd-i-var. Here, the -i- means that it is the second person who wants.

• • Note that “he/she wants me” and “they want me” are both the same in Georgian: v-u-nd-i-var. If one says, v-u-nd-i-var-t, this rather means “he/she wants us.” This is because the plurality of the subject is not reflected in the verbs that use the m- set marker when the direct object is the either the first or the second person.

• • The Georgian language has perhaps one of the most complicated plural subject-verb and object-verb agreement systems. Even native speakers do not seem to have a consensus on the reflection of plurality to the verb. One general rule is that in the verbs that employ the v- set nominal marker, the priority of the indicating the plurality of the subject is higher than that of the object. In the verbs that use the m- set nominal marker, this is reversed (just like everything else is reversed). That is why in the example of v-u-nd-i-var-t the plural marker -t at the end refers to the plurality of the object rather than the plurality of the subject.

Preverbs

Preverbs in Georgian can either add directionality to a verb, or can change the meaning of the verb entirely. It is also important to the use the appropriate versioner in each case.

Since preverbs are absent in the present series, it is important to consider the role of the verb in the context of the entire sentence as the verb by itself could convey any meaning in the present screeves.

• the verb root -gh-:
  • Preverb a-: a-gh-eb-a, to raise, lift up (preverb a- generally implies an upward motion). (Used with versioner -i)
  • Preverb amo-: amo-gh-eb-a, to take out. (Used with versioner -i)
  • Preverb ga-: ga-gh-eb-a, to open. (Used with versioner -a)
  • Preverb gadmo-: gadmo-gh-eb-a, to take down. (Used with versioner -i)
  • Preverb gamo-: gamo-gh-eb-a, to give forth. (Used with versioner -i)
  • Preverb mi-: mi-gh-eb-a, to receive. (Used with versioner -i)
  • Preverb shemo-: shemo-gh-eb-a, to introduce. (Used with versioner -i)
  • Preverb ts’amo-: ts’amo-gh-eb-a, to carry. (Used with versioner -u)

• the verb root -q’r-:
  • Preverb a-: a-q’r-a, put forth, throw upward. (Used with versioner -i)
  • Preverb ga-: ga-q’r-a, stick, put something through. (Used with versioner -u)
  • Preverb gada-: gada-q’r-a, throw down (preverb gada- generally implies a downward motion). (Used with no versioner, but when used in the meaning “throw down to someone“, the -u versioner is used)
  • Preverb gadmo-: gadmo-q’r-a, cast something down. (Used with versioner -a)
  • Preverb da-: da-q’r-a, scatter, drop, let fall. (Used with no versioner)
  • Preferb mo-: mo-q’r-a, ask many questions to someone. (Used with versioner -a)
  • Preverb she-: she-q’r-a, gather together. (Used with no versioner)
  • Preverb cha-: cha-q’r-a, pour something (onto someone’s head). (Used with versioner -a)

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A jackline is a rope or wire strung from a ship’s bow to stern to which a safety harness can be clipped, allowing a crewmember to move about the deck safely when there is risk of falling or being swept overboard. At sea, falling overboard is one of the leading causes of death in boating; fastening oneself to the ship with a safety harness reduces this risk.

Generally the jacklines are run from the bow to the stern on both starboard and the port side of a ship. Jack lines are used in heavy weather and in periods of reduced visibility, i.e. fog or at night.

Jacklines may be rigged temporarily when bad weather is expected, or, especially on sailboats heading offshore, they may be left in place all the time and used as necessary. They are usually attached to strong padeye or cleat fittings at both ends of the boat, allowing the crewmember to move fore and aft by sliding their harness’ clip along the line. Jacklines may be made of wire or low-stretch rope. More recently, sailors are using high strength nylon webbing. The reason is that flat webbing does not roll under foot while working on deck. This reduces the hazard that can be created by using rope. The image to the right shows the traditional steel wire jackline and the image below shows an example of a more modern jackline made of flat nylon webbing.

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A transparency is a thin sheet of transparent flexible material, typically cellulose acetate, onto which figures can be drawn. These are then placed on an overhead projector for display to an audience. This system is still found in schools, but is being largely replaced by LCD projectors.

Spatial light modulators (SLMs)

Many overhead projectors are used with a flat panel LCD which, when used this way is referred to as a spatial light modulator or SLM. Data projectors are often based on some form of SLM in a projection path. A LCD is a transmissive SLM, whereas other technologies such as Texas Instrument’s DLP are reflective SLMs. Not all projectors (e.g. some use devices that produce their own light) rather than function as transparencies. An example of non-SLM system are OLEDs.

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• Victor Quelch b. 1891 first elected in 1935 as Social Credit member for Acadia, Alberta.
• Felix Patrick Quinn b. 1874 first elected in 1925 as Conservative member for Halifax, Nova Scotia.
• Michael Joseph Francis Quinn b. 1851 first elected in 1896 as Conservative member for St. Anne, Quebec.

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Lake Harrison is a huge lake that in parts of the Ice Age covered much of the Midlands in England around Warwick and Birmingham and Leicester. It was formed when ice from Wales and the north blocked the drainage and trapped a lake between the ice front and the Cotswolds. Finally the lake made two overflow courses:

• Southeast across the Fenny Compton Gap through the Cherwell valley into the Thames. This course has been abandoned.
• Southwest. This course became permanent and is now the River Avon which flows into the Severn, whereas before the Ice Age the area drained northeastwards.

External links

• http://www.mattmayer.com/essays/draiglac.htm

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Electronic funds transfer or EFT refers to the computer-based systems used to perform financial transactions electronically.

The term is used for a number of different concepts:

• cardholder-initiated transactions, where a cardholder makes use of a payment card
• electronic payments by businesses, including salary payments
• electronic check (or cheque) clearing

Card-based EFT

EFT may be initiated by a cardholder when a payment card such as a credit card or debit card is used. This may take place at an automated teller machine (ATM) or point of sale (EFTPOS), or when the card is not present, which covers cards used for mail order, telephone order and internet purchases.

Card-based EFT transactions are often covered by the ISO 8583 standard.

Transaction types

A number of transaction types may be performed, including the following:

• Sale: there the cardholder pays or return or service.
• Refund: where a merchant refunds an earlier payment made by a cardholder.
• Withdrawal: the cardholder withdraws funds from their account, e.g. from an ATM. The term Cash Advance may also be used, typically when the funds are advanced by a merchant rather than at an ATM.
• Deposit: where a cardholder deposits funds to their own account (typically at an ATM).
• Cashback: where a cardholder withdraws funds from their own account at the same time as making a purchase.
• Inter-account transfer: transferring funds between linked accounts belonging to the same cardholder
• Payment: transferring funds to a third party account
• Inquiry: a transaction without financial impact, for instance balance inquiry, available funds inquiry, linked accounts inquiry, or request for a statement of recent transactions on the account.
• Administrative: this covers a variety of non-financial transactions including PIN change.

The transaction types offered depend on the terminal. An ATM would offer different transactions from a POS terminal, for instance.

Authorization

EFT transactions require communication between a number of parties. When a card is used at a merchant or ATM, the transaction is first routed to an acquirer, then through a number of networks to the issuer where the cardholder’s account is held.

A transaction may be authorized offline by any of these entities through a stand-in agreement. Stand-in authorization may be used when a communication link is not available, or simply to save communication cost or time. Stand-in is subject to the transaction amount being below agreed limits. These limits are calculated based on the risk of authorizing a transaction offline, and thus vary between merchants and card types. Offline transactions may be subject to other security checks such as checking the card number against a ‘hotcard’ (stolen card) list, velocity checks (limiting the number of offline transactions allowed by a cardholder) and random online authorization.

A transaction may be authorized via a pre-authorization step, where the merchant requests the issuer to reserve an amount on the cardholder’s account for a specific time, followed by completion, where the merchant requests an amount blocked earlier with a pre-authorization. This transaction flow in two steps is often used in businesses such as hotels and car rental where the final amount is not known, and the pre-authorization is made based on an estimated amount. Completion may form part of a settlement process, typically performed at the end of the day when the day’s completed transactions are submitted.

Authentication

EFT transactions may be accompanied by methods to authenticate the card and the card holder. The merchant may manually verify the card holder’s signature, or the card holder’s Personal identification number (PIN) may be sent online in an encrypted form for validation by the card issuer. Other information may be included in the transaction, some of which is not visible to the card holder (for instance magnetic stripe data), and some of which may be requested from the card h